摘要
1.Introduction.The rapid growth of the global population,combined with increasing industrialization and consumerism,has fueled a significant surge in the demand for material resources,fundamentally transforming the global socioeconomic metabolism[1,2].The global use of materials was at 90 billion tonnes in 2017 and is projected to grow to 165-195 billion tonnes by 2060[3,4].Particularly,the extraction of minerals and ores represents over half of the total resources demand since 2010[5,6].Remarkably,about 60%of these extracted minerals and ores are presently still in use as anthropogenic stocks[7],which is capable of meeting 35%of the projected demand by 2050 if reused.
