中国制造业技术进步的特征变化及其对就业的影响

Character Changes of Technological Progress in Chinese Manufacturing Industry and Its Influence on Employment

选取2011—2019年制造业A股上市公司数据,采用多维固定效应模型分析中国制造业技术进步的特征变化及其对企业就业人员数量的影响。研究结果显示,近年来中国制造业技术进步由劳动节约型转变为资本节约型,在长期表现为中性的特征。企业研发投入强度的提高会促进员工整体数量增加,在就业结构上会降低生产人员和未受过高等教育员工的数量,增加技术人员和接受过高等教育员工的数量,这也体现了技能偏向性的特征。技术进步对制造业企业就业人员数量的影响在不同类别、不同时段和不同研发投入强度的企业存在一定差异,这主要是由于企业制度和技术进步特征变化产生的结果。因此,应鼓励企业加大研发投入,提高低技能劳动者技能水平,促进民营经济健康高质量发展,以助力实现高质量充分就业。

The impact of technological progress on employment is an important economic issue.Existing literature paid more attention to the impact of a specific category of technologies such as the Internet and artificial intelligence on the labor market.However,specific characteristics and impact mechanisms still need to be improved.Manufacturing is an industry with a large proportion of labor absorption and a significant impact from technological progress,so research on manufacturing has a certain representativeness.Therefore,this paper mainly studies the impact of technological progress in China’s manufacturing industry on labor employment.Through theoretical and empirical analysis,the main characteristics of technological progress in manufacturing enterprises are analyzed.Research results help to enrich the theoretical foundation of relevant fields in the context of technological progress in China.The research helps to propose practical policy inspirations to cope with the impact of the new technological revolution on the labor market.This paper selects the samples of manufacturing A-share listed companies in CSMAR database and Wind financial database from 2011 to 2019,and uses the multidimensional fixed effect model to analyze the character changes of technological progress and its impact on employment.It finds that technological progress of manufacturing industry has changed from labor-saving type to capital-saving type.The improvement of enterprise R&D intensity increases the overall number of employees,but reduces the number of production personnel and employees without higher education,and increases the number of technical personnel and employees with higher education,which reflects the skill-biased characteristic.The impact of technological progress on the number of employees in manufacturing enterprises is different among enterprises.The policy inspiration lies in three aspects.The first is to encourage enterprises to increase investment in R&D,increasing support for factors such as funds and talents.The second is to improve the skill level of lowskilled workers,establishing worker skills training centers to provide basic labor skills training for workers,and improving skills of key groups such as college graduates.The third is to promote the healthy and high-quality development of the private economy,guiding cities to optimize administrative approval processes,reducing operating costs,and creating a fair and competitive business environment.