扶养义务的“激活”与“过去时间的扶养费”的有限可追索性

“Activation”of Support Obligations and Limited Recoverability of“Past-Time Maintenance”

古罗马皇帝哥尔迪安的敕答开创了过去时间的扶养费的法律地位问题,将之降等,允许其成为和解的对象。虢多弗雷多把这一问题改造成时间错位问题,形成不诉追过去时间的扶养费构成不需要此等经济支持的表面证据的推理,以此保护扶养义务人并鼓励权利人自力更生。波坦诺明确提出了过去时间的扶养费不受追诉的原则,被至少被10部现代民法典采用。其中,《德国民法典》对这一问题作了最明确细致的规定,它原则上不许追索过去时间的扶养费,但允许一定的例外。《意大利民法典》的德译者把父母与其未成年子女的生活保持关系排除作为过去时间的扶养费不受追索的适用对象,强调了抚养与扶养、赡养的不同,甚有道理。王利明教授负责起草的民法典学者建议稿也采用了这一规则。有了这些作为基础,我国应通过司法解释确立过去时间的扶养费不可无限追索的规则。

The Roman Emperor Gordian's Decree created the issue of the legal status of past-time maintenance,downgrading it and allowing it to be the subject of a settlement.Gothofredus transformed the issue into one of temporal dislocation,forming the reasoning that the non-suing for the past-time maintenance constitutes prima facie evidence that no such financial support is needed,thus protecting the maintenance obligor and encouraging the right-holder to become self-reliant.The principle of the nonactionability of past-time maintenance was explicitly established by Pontano and has been adopted by many modern civil codes,as evidenced in this paper by the adoption of this rule in at least 10 civil codes.Of these,the German Civil Code is the most explicit and detailed on this issue,as it does not allow for the recovery of past time maintenance in principle,but allows for certain exceptions.The German translator of the Italian Civil Code excludes the maintenance relationship between parents and their minor children as the object of application of the non-recovery of past-time maintenance,which emphasizes the difference between fostering and maintenance and alimony,which is very reasonable.In China,this rule has also been adopted in the draft civil code scholar's proposal drafted by Professor Wang Liming'team.With this as a basis,China should establish the rule that past-time maintenance is not subject to unlimited recourse through judicial interpretation.