朝鲜王朝承政院制度的源流——以中国官制影响为中心的考察

The Origin of the Seungjeongwon System of the Joseon Dynasty

承政院是朝鲜王朝的中央官僚机构,具有王命出纳、国王近侍、参决机务、勾连行政部门等诸多职掌。其前身为高丽王朝中枢院承旨司,朝鲜王朝初期继承此制,经多次官制变革,至太宗五年(1405)确定为独立的正三品衙门,以知申事等六代言为长官,世宗十五年(1433)改六代言为六承旨,此后形成定制,实行至朝鲜王朝终结。承政院制度的形成,是中国政治文化长期影响的结果:高丽前期仿照北宋枢密院承旨司而设置中枢院承旨司,同时也将北宋翰林学士承旨一职引入高丽官僚体系,此二种“承旨”的不同职权,因高丽后期引入元朝怯薛必阇赤制度而发生融合,形成了具有蒙元色彩的近侍官僚体制;朝鲜王朝初期,又在明初宰相制度变革的推动下进行中枢官制改革,最终形成承政院制度。以上过程可以体现朝鲜半岛政权在接受中国文化影响方面所采取的持续性和选择性态度,这种接受影响的模式也是朝鲜王朝官僚制度的一个重要特征。

Seungjeongwon is a central bureaucratic administration of the Joseon Dynasty and has many functions,such as being the spokesman for the king,the king's close attendant,the adviser to the authorities,and the liaison with the administrative department.Its predecessor was the Seungjisa of the Jongseuwon of the Goryeo Dynasty,which was inherited at the beginning of the Joseon Dynasty.After a number of changes in the official system,it was established as an independent government office of the senior-three rank in 1405,with six spokesmen as its chiefs,such as Jisinsa and other Daiyeun.In1433,King Sejong changed the name of six spokesmen to six seungji.Accordingly,a fixed system was formed,which was practiced until the end of the Joseon Dynasty.The formation of the Seungjeongwon system is the result of the long-term influence of the Chinese political culture:Goryeo set up a Jongseuwon-Seungjisa in the early period modelled on Shumiyuan-Chengzhisi of the Northern Song Dynasty,meanwhile,it also introduced the position of Hanli scholar Chengzhi of the Northern Song Dynasty into its bureaucratic system.The different functions of these two kinds of Chengzhi were merged into one with Kheshig-Bichikhchi system of the Yuan Dynasty which was introduced in the later period,forming the close bureaucracy system with the feature of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty.At the beginning of the Joseon Dynasty,the reform of the central government system was driven by the changes of the chancellor system in the early Ming Dynasty,which eventually led to the formation of the Seungjeongwon system.Such process can reflect the continuity and selective attitude of the regimes of the Korean Peninsula towards accepting the influence of the Chinese culture.This model of accepting the influence is also a significant feature of the bureaucratic system of the Joseon Dynasty.