中国戏曲知识在日本江户时代的流播与影响

The Dissemination and Influence of Xiqu Knowledge in the Edo Period of Japan

江户初期,日本人已经通过《古今类书纂要》来了解中国戏曲知识。18世纪20年代以来,日本儒者曾在笔记中做辑录与介绍,《俗语解》《剧语审译》等唐话辞书曾收录戏曲名词并做解释,《戏子名所图会》等日本剧场著作曾做引用,中国戏曲知识遂在日本江户时代广泛流传并产生深远影响。日本戏剧曾借鉴中国戏曲脚色,将“丑脚”称为“打诨”,并增设脚色,形成了独具特色的日本脚色体系。中国戏曲的演出形态通过唐土知识类书籍和江户时代日本人的观剧记录、舞台绘图,在日本社会广为流传。中国戏曲知识是日本人阅读、翻译、注释中国戏曲的重要基础,又对明治以来日本学者的中国戏曲研究产生了影响。

In the early Edo period,the knowledge of Chinese Xiqu was introduced to Japan through Gujin Leishu Zuanyao.After the 1720s,Japanese scholars collected and introduced Xiqu terms in their notes,mandarin dictionaries such as Suyujie and Juyu Shenyi collected and explained Xiqu terms,and Japanese theatre works such as Xizi Mingsuo Tuhui had quoted Xiqu terms,so the knowledge of Xiqu spread widely in Japan and had a far-reaching influence.Based on Xiqu characters,Japanese changed the role type of"Chou"to"Dahun"and added other characters,forming a unique Japanese role system.The performance form of Xiqu has been widely disseminated in Japanese society through books on Chinese knowledge,theatre viewing records,and stage drawings.The knowledge of Xiqu is an important basis for Japanese people to read,translate and annotate Xiqu script,and it has also influenced Japanese scholars'study of Chinese theatre since the Meiji period.