马克思对拉萨尔主义分配正义观的批判与超越——以《哥达纲领批判》为文本的政治哲学分析

Marx’s Criticism and Transcendence of Lassallean Concept of Distributive Justice——An Analysis of Critique of the Gotha Programme from the perspective of Political Philosophy

马克思在《哥达纲领批判》中通过批判拉萨尔主义的分配正义观,阐明了自己基于历史主义原则的正义观,为人的自由个性的发挥和自我价值的实现指明方向、开辟道路。针对拉萨尔主义将分配正义作为社会主义革命目标的机会主义错误思想,马克思深刻批判了其以劳动所有权为理论基点、以平等的权利为原则从而实现社会公平分配目标的主张。马克思的正义观以生产方式决定分配方式为理论出发点,阐明了按劳分配和按需分配分别是正义在共产主义第一阶段和高级阶段的历史实现形式。在马克思对拉萨尔主义分配正义观的批判性分析中,可归纳出权利原则、贡献原则和需要原则三种分配原则,体现了正义原则在不同阶段的历史展开和扬弃发展的过程。从政治哲学的视角深入探讨马克思对拉萨尔主义分配正义观的批判及其理论超越,既是深刻理解和把握马克思正义观本真要义的必然要求,同时也有利于克服分析马克思主义重构马克思正义观的方法论缺陷与理论局限,消除对马克思正义观辩证意蕴的负面影响。

In Critique of the Gotha Programme,Marx clarified his concept of justice based on the principle of historicism by criticizing the Lassallean concept of distributive justice,thus paving the way for the development of human’s free personality and the fulfillment of self-value.In response to Lassalleanism’s opportunistic and erroneous idea of distributive justice as the goal of the socialist revolution,Marx profoundly criticized Lassalleanism’s proposition of achieving the goal of fair social distribution by taking labor ownership as the theoretical basis and making equal rights the principle.Marx’s concept of justice is based on the theory that the mode of production determines the mode of distribution,which clarifies that distribution according to work and distribution according to needs are two forms to achieve justice in the initial and advanced stage of communism respectively.Through Marx’s critical analysis of the Lassallean concept of distributive justice,three principles of distribution can be summarized:the principle of rights,the principle of contribution and the principle of needs,which shows the process of historical development and sublation of the principle of justice at different stages.An in-depth exploration of Marx’s criticism of the Lassallean concept of distributive justice and its theoretical transcendence from the perspective of political philosophy is needed.It is not only an inevitable requirement for a deeper understanding and grasp of the true essence of Marx’s concept of justice,but also conducive to overcoming the methodological flaws and theoretical limitations of analyzing Marxism and reconstructing Marx’s concept of justice and eliminating the negative impact on the dialectical implications of Marx’s concept of justice.