数据主权主体论

The Owner of Data Sovereignty

数字经济飞速发展催生数据主权,深刻影响国家数据安全和全球数据治理实践。出于管辖、隐私和商业利益等因素考量,现有研究分别提出了国家、个人和企业三类数据主权归属主体,模糊了国家作为唯一主权者的权威身份。通过追溯历史、分析现状可以发现,个人与企业不可能成为数据主权的行使主体,个人和企业的利益诉求可用个人信息权利、企业数据权利等制度安排以蔽之,无论从性质上还是内容上讲,都不属于数据主权的范畴。对于个人而言,其主权主张滥觞于信息自决权,且个人缺乏对海量数据的掌控能力,个人作为数据的产生者并非理所当然是数据的所有者和主权者;对于企业而言,其因数据分析和处理能力获取的数据权力使之仅处于支配地位而非法律地位,更不能将其提升至主权地位,企业依旧是被监管者。事实上,自博丹以来的主权学说和国家间主权实践确立了国家不可动摇的主权者地位,在虚拟空间维护国家安全和人民利益的主权责任只有国家能够承担,受新一轮产业技术革命赋能的多元主体作用的提升并未侵蚀主权,相反,国家数据主权在应对新问题、新挑战的过程中获得了增强。

The rapid development of the digital economy has given rise to data sovereignty,which has profoundly affected national data security and global data governance practices.Due to different considerations such as jurisdiction,privacy and commercial interests,existing research has proposed three types of data sovereignty entities:the state,individuals and enterprises,which blurs the authoritative identity of the state as the sole sovereign.By tracing back history and analyzing the current situation,we can find that individuals and enterprises cannot become the subjects of exercising data sovereignty.The interests of individuals and enterprises can be covered by institutional arrangements such as personal information rights and enterprise data rights,both in terms of nature and content.None of them fall into the category of data sovereignty.At the individual level,their sovereignty claims originate from the right to information self-determination,and individuals cannot control massive data.As the generator of data,individuals are not the owners and sovereigns of the data.At the enterprise level,their claims are based on their data analysis and processing capabilities.The data power only puts it in a dominant position rather than a legal status,let alone raising it to a sovereign status.Enterprises are still regulated.In fact,the doctrine of sovereignty and the practice of inter-state sovereignty since Bodin has established the unshakable status of the state as a sovereign.Only the state can assume the sovereign responsibility of safeguarding national security and people's interests in the virtual space.Endowed by the new round of industrial and technological revolution,The enhancement of the role of multiple capable subjects has not eroded sovereignty.On the contrary,national data sovereignty has been enhanced in the process of responding to new problems and challenges.