问题解决学习是什么样的学习——基于三种理论来源的分析

What Is Problem Solving Learning:Analysis Based on Three Theoretical Sources

当前中小学课程与教学改革所倡导的问题解决学习主要有三种理论来源,分别是探究学习、问题式学习和深度学习。根据不同理论视角的特点和倾向,问题解决学习在教学设计上可以归纳出三种主要取向:方法取向、理解取向和实践取向。其中,方法取向侧重探究过程和方法,培养反思性思维;理解取向强调在解决问题的过程中构建意义,深化理解;实践取向强调学用合一,鼓励知识的创新和应用。综合问题解决学习的设计理念、框架和核心要素,可以提炼出问题解决学习的一般设计原则和策略,即学习任务的真实性、学生思维的可见性、师生关系的互惠性以及学习成果的意义性。

Problem-solving learning advocated by current primary and secondary school curriculum reform comes from three theoretical sources,namely inquiry learning,problem-based learning and deep learning.According to different theoretical perspect ives,problem-solving learning has three orientations in teaching design:method orientation,understanding orientation and practice orientation.Among them,method orientation emphasizes process and methods and fosters reflective thinking,understanding orientation emphasizes constructing meaning during problem-solving and deepens understanding,and practice orientation emphasizes integrating learning with application and encourages knowledge innovation and application.By integrating the conocept,framework and core elements of problem-solving learming,general design principles and strategies can be derived,which are the authenticity of learning task,the visibility of students'thinking,the reciprocity of teacher-student relationship and the meaningfulness of learning outcome.