乾嘉时期宗学招生制度探析

On the Admissions System of the Imperial Clan Schools in the Qianlong and Jiaqing Periods

清朝廷为教育宗室子弟设立了宗学,有关宗学招生人数、学生来源的规定在乾嘉时期逐步得到完善并成为定制。此前的雍正朝在招生时原则上对王公、将军和闲散宗室子弟是一视同仁的。但随着朝廷开始对学额有所限制,乾隆朝招生逐渐向上层王公子弟倾斜,旨在通过宗学提升王公子弟的清语骑射水平。嘉庆朝招生则向下层闲散宗室倾斜,更侧重借儒家伦理道德教化下层宗室子弟。乾嘉两朝宗学招生制度的变化实际上是统治者调和满汉文化的过程,其结果是满洲文化逐渐式微,“崇儒重道”理念更加深入地在统治阶层中渗透。

The Qing court set up the imperial clan schools for the education of the children of the imperial clan,but not all clan members could enter the imperial clan schools to study.The regulations on the number of students enrolled in the imperial clan schools and the source of students were gradually improved and customized during the Qianlong and Jiaqing Periods.The previous Yongzheng Period treated princes,generals and idle clan children equally when recruiting students.However,as the Qing court began to limit the number of students,the Qianlong Periodwas gradually inclined to recruit the children of the nobility,aiming to improve the level of Manchu language riding and archery of the children of the nobility through the imperial clan schools.In the Jiaqing Period,the enrollment was inclined to lower-level idle clans,and more emphasis was placed on educating the children of idle clans toreduce crime by Confucian ethics.The change in the admissions system of the imperial clan schools between the Qianlong and Jiaqing Periodswere actually the process of the rulers reconciling the Manchu and the confucian culture.In the end,the Manchu culture declined and the concept of“Respecting Confucianism”penetrated more deeply among the ruling class.