技击还是攻防:论中国武术的本质属性及其影响

Skill-based Combat or Offense and Defense:Essence and Influence of Chinese Wushu

本质问题是中国武术的元问题,其对于武术的理论研究和实践发展均具有根本性的指导意义和影响。通过对武术本质、武术文化传播、竞技武术套路、学校武术教育等文献的梳理,结合对资深武术裁判长、武术教授的访谈,以及对武术竞赛、学校武术教育现场调查等方法,对中国武术的本质重新进行了探索。研究认为:当前关于中国武术“打”和体操化形象所引起的身份危机的起点在于将武术的本质定位为技击,且无论是民间还是官方的自证均说服力不足;技击作为武术的本质无法涵盖武术功能的多元化,在和域外武技的横向比较中难以确立自身的独特性,而将武术的本质属性定位为攻防则能更好地解决当前武术发展中的各类危机。因此,研究尝试提出中国武术的本质属性是攻防而非技击,攻防是内在的属性,技击是外在的表现,后者是前者统摄下多种功能价值中的一种;将攻防作为中国武术的本质属性统摄武术的分化与整合,能较好地解决学校武术教育“打练并进”的困境,有利于竞技武术套路在攻防基础上的难美类项群发展和武术身份的确认。

The essential problem is the meta-problem of Chinese Wushu,which has fundamental guiding significance and influence on the theoretical research and practical development of Wushu.By reviewing the literature on the essence of Wushu,the spread of Wushu culture,competitive Wushu routines and Wushu education in schools,combined with interviews with senior Wushu judges and Wushu professors,as well as the field investigations into Wushu competition and Wushu education at schools,the current study has re-explored the essence of Chinese Wushu essence afresh.The research shows that the starting point of the identity crisis caused by the image of“fighting”and gymnastics in Chinese Wushu lies in orientating the essence of Wushu as combat,and both folk and official certification are not convincing.As the essence of Wushu,combat cannot cover the diversification of Wushu function,and it is difficult to establish its own uniqueness in the horizontal crosscomparison with foreign martial arts.However,positioning the essential attributes of Wushu as attack and defense can better solve various crises in the current development of Wushu.Therefore,the study tries to put forward that the essential attribute of Chinese Wushu is offense and defense rather than skill-based combat,with offense and defense as intrinsic attribute,and combat external performance,and combat is one of the many functional values within the scope of offense and defense.Taking offense and defense as the essential attribute to guide the differentiation and integration of Chinese Wushu can effectively solve the dilemma of "combining combat and practice" in school Wushu education,and facilitate the development of difficult and beautiful categories of competitive Wushu routines based on offense and defense,as well as the recognition of Wushu identity.