存在、体验与经验:现象学旅游研究回顾与展望

A review and prospect of phenomenological tourism research

现象学是20世纪重要的哲学运动,在哲学观念和研究方法上为旅游研究拓宽了视野。本研究在初描现象学哲学观念和基本研究范式的基础上,述评旅游存在、旅游体验、旅游经验等现象学旅游研究主要议题领域,尝试指出当前现象学旅游研究面临的问题和挑战。研究认为:(1)如何在现象学视野下去定义旅游者的活动和存在方式——此在的旅游存在方式或旅游存在,应成为现象学旅游研究的优先问题。因为这涉及从哲学层面上来定义旅游的本质属性。(2)现象学旅游研究在回答人的“旅游存在”这一优先问题上,既要深化情感的、认知的、行为的“旅游体验”等已有研究议题领域,又要拓宽感觉的、知觉的、观念的等未来需要重点开展的“旅游经验”研究议题领域。(3)现象学旅游研究要遵循现象学的基本原理、观念、范式和方法,避免出现研究素材相对不符要求、主观经验的客观还原相对不可信、主题分析力度相对展现不足等各类研究偏差。总体而言,现象学激发了旅游学者的自信,指引学者们从哲学层面上——旅游作为人类的一种存在方式,而不仅仅是作为一种产业活动——去回答“旅游的本质”。

Phenomenology is an important philosophical movement in the 20th century,which has broadened the horizons of tourism research in terms of philosophical concepts and research methods.Based on the initial description of the philosophical concepts and basic research paradigms of phenomenology,this paper reviews the main topics of phenomenological tourism research,such as the tourist being,tourist experience and tourism experience,and tries to point out the problems and challenges faced by current phenomenological tourism research.This study concludes that:(1)How to define tourist’activities and the way of existence within the phenomenological perspective,“the here and now way of tourist existence or tourist being”should become a priority in phenomenological tourism research.This is because it involves defining the essential attributes of tourism on a philosophical level.(2)In answering the priority question of“tourist being”,phenomenological tourism research should not only deepen the existing research topics such as emotional,cognitive,and behavioral“tourist experience”,but also broaden the future topics such as sensory,perceptual,and conceptual“tourism experience”.(3)Phenomenological tourism research should follow the principles,concepts,paradigms and methods of phenomenology,so as to avoid various research deviations,such as the relative non-compliance of research materials,the relative implausibility of the objective restoration of subjective experience,and the relative insufficiency of thematic analysis.Overall,phenomenology inspires tourism scholars’self-confidence,guiding scholars to answer the“essence of tourism”from the philosophical level,“tourism as a way of human being”,rather than an industrial activity.