非传统安全挑战下的准军事力量安全角色重塑——基于土耳其、波兰和乌克兰的比较分析

Reshaping the Security Role of Paramilitary Forces:A Comparative Analysis of Türkiye,Poland,and Ukraine

准军事力量是民族国家概念与西方现代军事制度的早期实践产物,是一种在组织结构、文化甚至职能上与军队类似的半军事化力量,并拥有显著的政治属性。19世纪至20世纪初期的脆弱民族国家雏体和激进的民族主义,共同拓展了非正规武力的使用空间和暴力的道德尺度,强化了军事精英群体在国家政治生活与议程中的影响与作用。这构成了一种准军事主义的社会性文化土壤,直至冷战末期都被镌刻并保留在一些国家的制度记忆与民族身份的象征符号中。21世纪全球性非传统安全挑战的上升推动了不同国家安全战略的调整,使准军事力量获得了新的安全角色转型契机。通过对土耳其、波兰和乌克兰不同准军事力量的形成、演变和当代角色调整的比较,可以发现三国的准军事力量的模糊性在制度和规范影响下弱化,且在军队与警察之间获得更清晰的角色定位,并从原先的文化产物转变为制度产物。

Paramilitary forces are early manifestations of the nation-state concept and the modern Western military system.They represent a semi-military force,sharing similarities with traditional armies in terms of organizational structure,culture,and functions,while also possessing significant political attributes.The emergence of fragile nation-states and radical nationalism from the 19th to the early 20th century collectively expanded the scope and moral dimensions for the utilization of informal force,thereby reinforcing the influence and impact of military elites on national political dynamics and agendas.This phenomenon established a social and cultural foundation for paramilitarism,which persisted in the institutional memory and symbolic representation of national identity in certain countries until the end of the Cold War.The onset of the 21st-century global era of nontraditional security challenges has prompted adjustments in security strategies across various nations,offering paramilitary forces fresh opportunities for redefining their security roles.A comparative analysis of the formation,evolution,and contemporary role adjustments of different paramilitary forces in Poland,Türkiye,and Ukraine,shows that the“gray attributes”associated with paramilitary forces in these countries have diminished under the influence of institutional frameworks and norms.Moreover,a clearer delineation of roles between the military and law enforcement agencies has emerged,marking a transition from cultural artifacts to institutional mechanisms.