传承与分化:湘南与粤北瑶族村寨居住文化的对比研究

Heritage and divergence:A comparative study of village dwelling cultures of Yao ethnic group in southern Hunan Province and northern Guangdong Province

从村寨选址、布局形态、建筑功能、装饰符号、建筑材料及民俗文化等方面对族源相同、地域相连的湘南平地瑶与粤北高山瑶传统村寨开展对比研究。传承方面,两地瑶寨共同坚守着信奉盘王始祖、火塘神圣性、实行瑶老制组织的传统。在分化方面,湘南平地瑶村寨形成了围合式民居、开敞式村落、多元民族信仰的小家庭式居住文化;粤北高山瑶则为开敞式民居、封闭式村落、单一瑶族信仰的大族群居住文化。文章认为相同的族源、相近的迁移历史、相似的社会结构是两地瑶族居住文化传承的基础;历史上招抚政策、与汉族的经贸交往、社会融合的差异是两地居住文化分异的主要因素。湘南瑶族被招安下山后,在政策的支持下与汉族在商贸经济、农业技术、社会生活方面不断交融;而粤北瑶族依然定居在高山密林中,封闭隔绝,民族特色不断强化。研究指出传承与分化是瑶族适应不同地域环境、保持自身特色、整合其他文化进行文化生态适应性的综合结果,其中民族信仰、习俗禁忌、社会组织等内在文化传统传承性强,民居形制、村落格局等物质形态的分化性更强。

The study of traditional villages of Yao ethnic group is relatively weak.A comparative study of the traditional villages of Pingdi Yao in southern Hunan Province and Pai Yao in northern Guangdong Province,which share the same ethnic origin and are connected geographically,is conducted in terms of village site selection,morphological layout,residential layout,materials and decorations,and folk culture.Comparing the Pingdi Yao of southern Hunan and the Pai Yao of northern Guangdong from the perspectives of cultural ecology and cultural integration,the following can be found.In terms of inheritance,the villages of Yao ethnic group in the two regions share the tradition of believing in the ancestor of Panwang,the sanctity of the fire pit,and the organization of the Yao Lao system.In terms of differentiation,the Pingdi Yao villages in southern Hunan Province have formed a small-family residential culture with enclosed dwellings,open villages,and diversified ethnic beliefs,while the Pai Yao in northern Guangdong are mainly a large ethnic residential culture with open dwellings,closed villages,and a single Yao belief.The article concludes that the same ethnic origin,similar migration history,and similar social structure are the basis for the inheritance of the residential cultures of Yao ethnic group in the two places,and that the differences in the historical policy of recruitment and pacification,economic and trade exchanges with the Han,and the differences in social integration are the main factors for the differences in the residential cultures of the two places.After being recruited from the mountains,the Yao ethnic group in southern Hunan Province continued to integrate with the Han in trade and economy,agricultural technology,and social life under the support of the policy,while the Yao ethnic group in northern Guangdong Province still settled in high mountains and dense forests,closed and isolated,and their ethnic characteristics continued to be strengthened.The study points out that inheritance and differentiation are the comprehensive results of the adaptation to different regional environments of the Yao ethnic group,maintaining their own characteristics,and integrating other cultures to carry out cultural and ecological adaptations,among which the inheritance of inherent cultural traditions such as ethnic beliefs,customs and taboos,and social organization is strong,and the differentiation of material forms such as residential forms and village patterns is even stronger.This study aims to reveal the mechanism of residential culture inheritance and differentiation of Yao ethnic group,with a view to providing reference for the protection of minority villages in mountainous areas and the inheritance of residential culture of Yao ethnic group in the new period.In the future protection of traditional village of Yao ethnic groups,it is necessary to increase the endogenous cultural ecosystem of the nation to establish the bearing relationship between social and cultural space and material form.In the process of relocating and reconstructing part of the mountainous ethnic villages,the preservation and imitation of the material form of the settlement should not be emphasized only,and more importance should be attached to the space and field of the cultural inheritance of villages of the Yao ethnic group,and the inheritance of the endogenous culture should be carried forward to a certain spatial-temporal field.Secondly,the practical,simple and practical national spirit of the Yao ethnic group and the democratic and equal social organization of the Yao ethnic group are worth promoting in contemporary rural governance.