法律与事实的识别难题及应对方案——兼论我国事实问题清单制度中裁判者的职能分工

Identification Challenges and Response Plans of Law and Facts:Concurrently Discussing the Functional Division of Judges and Jurors in the System of the List of Factual Issues in China

保障事实问题清单制度的良性运行,是我国七人合议庭中的司法裁判权在法官与陪审员之间配置所面临的重要难题。事实问题清单内容的设计或拆分、混合,是解决该问题的首要任务。在理论上应分析特定语境下的事实命题,了解“二级事实”的可拆分性,以司法证明的角度看待法律与事实两者的关联性,最终以“适宜由陪审员认定的事实问题”作为清单中的问题,在事实问题清单制作中审判长以问答的形式呈现。事实问题清单制度可以借鉴域外的经验进行设计,采用“分解型”的提问模式、“是否型”的回答方式,由法官决定证据采纳,并提供完善的救济渠道。另外,可将法官指引融入事实问题清单中,形成具有中国特色的事实审与法律审的区分机制。

To ensure the benign operation of the system of the list of factual issues is a significant challenge faced by the allocation of judicial power between judges and jurors in the seven-person collegiate bench in China.How to design the contents of the list of factual issues and how to split or mix them are the primary tasks to solve this problem.Theoretically,it is necessary to analyze the fact proposition in a specific context,understand the separability of"secondary facts",treat the relationship between law and facts from the perspective of judicial proof,and finally present it on the list of factual issues as"factual issues suitable for determination by jurors"and in the question-answer form by chief judges in the factual list making.The system of the list of factual issues can be designed by referring to foreign experience and practices,adopting the"decomposition"question mode and"yes or no"answer mode,and the admissibility of evidence and thorough relief channels to be decided and provided by judges.Furthermore,the instruction of judges can also be integrated into the list of factual issues to form a distinguishing mechanism between factual trial and legal trial with Chinese characteristics.