日本从第三部门向PFI转型发展的改革经验与借鉴

Japan's Reform Experience of the Transformation from the Third Sector to PFI and Its Implications

第三部门和PFI是日本公共项目投融资的两种基本模式。在发展历程上,日本第三部门经历了快速上升和快速下滑的过程,从20世纪90年代末期开始,日本政府逐渐减少第三部门的设立,推动PFI稳定增长。从第三部门向PFI转型是日本投融资体制的重大变革,两种基本模式具有本质的差异,其适用的法律基础从面向组织转向了定位项目,合作目标从追求民间活力、扩大投资和刺激经济转向了追求财政绩效,政府角色从全面参与转向了授权监管,财政支持方式也从多元支持转向了风险分担。日本从第三部门向PFI的转型发展为我国PPP事业发展提供很多经验借鉴,我国正处于PPP事业管理体制改革的关键时期,面对PPP项目实施中的诸多问题,需要明确界定“公”“私”属性,合理确定可行目标和政府职责,制定PPP事业发展的基本原则和鼓励措施,从而推动PPP事业高质量发展。

The third sector and PFI(Private Finance Initiative)are two basic modes of public project investment and financing in Japan.In the development process,Japan's third sector has experienced rapid rise and decline.Starting from the late 1990s,the Japanese government gradually reduced the establishment of the third sector,and promoted a stable growth of PFI.The transformation from the third sector to PFI is a significant change in Japan's investment and financing system.The two basic modes have essential differences.The legal basis has shifted from being organization-oriented to positioning projects.The cooperation goal has shifted from pursuing private vitality,expanding investment,and stimulating the economy to pursuing fiscal performance.The government's role has shifted from comprehensive participation to authorized supervision.The fiscal support method has also shifted from diversified support to risk sharing.The transformation and development of Japan's third sector towards PFI provides a lot of experience and reference for the development of Chinas PPP business.China is currently in a critical period of PPP management system reform.Faced with many problems in the implementation of PPP projects,it is necessary to first clearly define the"public"and"private"attributes,reasonably determine feasible goals and government responsibilities,formulate basic principles and incentive measures for the development of PPP business,in order to promote the high-quality development of PPP business.