欧洲六国婴幼儿托育政策理念及其实施的比较研究——基于公民权的视角

A Comparative Study on the Concept and Implementation of Early Childhood Daycare Policies in Six European Countries--From the Perspective of Citizenship

欧洲理事会从上世纪90年代提出了0岁至义务教育之前的婴幼儿公共托育服务建设目标,鼓励成员国家在家庭领域为父母提供更多的福利支持。同一时期的国际金融体系动荡和新自由主义思潮也引发了西方现代福利国家的转型,英国、荷兰、德国、法国、挪威和瑞典形成了迥异的公共托育服务体系。公民权视角作为现代西方福利国家的核心理念,其在托育公共政策架构下的概念操作化可以构建一个分析各国托育实践公平性的框架。基于该分析框架,六个国家的比较结果显示分配结构、受益者身份限制以及社会与政治传统是各国公平性差异的重要因素。国家之间的差异揭示了不同政策目标:德国、法国、挪威和瑞典托育体系拥有普遍互惠的公民权特征,以保护婴幼儿的权利和父母选择工作的自由;英国和荷兰则从父母需求的角度将政策重点置于扩大劳动力的参与。

In the 1990s,the European Council proposed the goal of building public childcare services for infants and young children before compulsory education,encouraging member countries to provide more welfare support in the family sector for parents.The turbulence of the international financial system and neoliberal concept during the same period have additionally triggered the transformation of modern welfare states in the West.The UK,Netherlands,Germany,France,Norway,and Sweden formed vastly different public childcare service systems.The perspective of citizenship,as the core concept of modern Western welfare states,can be applied under the framework of public policies for childcare,which can construct a framework for analyzing the fairness of childcare practices in various countries.Based on this analytical framework,the comparative results of six countries show that allocation structure,beneficiary identity restrictions,and social and political traditions are key contributors to the distinctions in equity among countries.The differences between countries reveal different policy objectives:the childcare systems in Germany,France,Norway,and Sweden have universal reciprocal citizenship features to protect the rights of children along with the freedom of parents to choose to work;the UK and the Netherlands have focused their policies on expanding labor force participation from the perspective of parental needs.