重金属在土壤中的分布、危害与治理技术研究进展

Research progress on distribution,harm and control technology of heavy metals in soil

[研究目的]镉、铬、铅、铜和锌等重金属是土壤中的典型有害元素。过量摄入会抑制生物体的生长发育。其在土壤中的分布受到原生地质背景成因和矿山开采、大气沉降、农药化肥施用等人类活动的共同影响。然而不同土地利用类型下的土壤重金属分布特征需要进一步识别,对于典型重金属的危害作用需要进行全面的梳理揭示。[研究方法]通过查阅国内外的相关研究内容,整理典型重金属在土壤中的空间分布特征,总结土壤重金属对生物的影响作用,综述人体暴露在高重金属的土壤与地下水环境下的毒性作用及针对性修复方式。[研究结果]受到原生地质背景和人类活动下土地利用类型的共同影响,造成土壤中重金属含量具有显著的空间变异性。重金属在土壤中的含量不同,会对土壤微生物与植物的生长发育产生不同效应的影响,并通过食物链进入人体累积。当重金属在人体中累积含量过高,会对人体的不同器官和系统产生破坏,威胁人体健康。[结论]应该综合考虑污染方式、污染水平和暴露途径等因素进行针对性的重金属治理。

[Objective]Heavy metals such as cadmium,chromium,lead,copper and zinc are typical harmful elements in soil.Excessive intake can inhibit the growth and development of the organism.Its distribution in soil is influenced by the origin of primary geological background and human activities such as mining,atmospheric subsidence,pesticide and fertilizer application.However,the distribution characteristics of soil heavy metals under different land use types need to be further identified.Besides,the harmful effects of typical heavy metals need to be comprehensively sorted out and revealed.[Methods]By referring to the relevant research content at home and abroad,the spatial distribution characteristics of typical heavy metals in soil were sorted out,the effects of heavy metals on organisms in soil were summarized,and the toxic effects and targeted remediation methods of human exposure to high heavy metals in soil and groundwater were summarized.[Results]The results showed that the heavy metal content in soil had significant spatial variability due to the combined effects of primary geological background and land use type under human activities.The different content of heavy metals in soil will have different effects on the growth and development of soil microorganisms and plants,and enter the human body through the food chain and accumulate.When the accumulation of heavy metals in the human body is too high,it will destroy different organs and systems of the human body and threaten human health.[Conclusions]Pollution mode,pollution level and exposure route should be taken into account in the targeted treatment of heavy metals.