公平竞争审查的制度逻辑与实施进路——以2022年修订的《反垄断法》第5条的分析展开

System Logic and Implementation Approach of the Fair Competition Review--Analysis Based on Article 5 of Anti-monopoly Law of the People's Republic of China(2022 Revision)

公平竞争审查制度是中国式现代化在竞争理论与制度实践上的创新,是社会主义市场经济建设中具有中国特色的一项制度创新。2022年修订的《中华人民共和国反垄断法》仅在第5条引入公平竞争审查制度,并没有明确其与反垄断法、“滥用行政权力排除、限制竞争”之间的逻辑关联,制度定位不明确;公平竞争审查制度实施中存在规制对象交叉模糊、行为违法性认定的依据与适用规则不清以及执法依据与责任惩戒规则不完善等问题。为此,应当在反垄断法中明确公平竞争审查制度属于公平竞争制度的法律定位;对抽象行政行为垄断中的规制对象进行法定划分,合理解释“规定”范围,有效协调两类行政垄断规制方式;确定公平竞争审查中行为违法性认定的法定标准,明确违反公平竞争审查时反垄断执法机构的调查权;通过反垄断执法与行政内部追责的法律衔接,完善公平竞争审查执法与责任追究机制。

The fair competition review is an innovation in competition theory and system practice of Chinese modernization and a system innovation with Chinese characteristics in the construction of socialist market economy.The Anti-monopoly Law of the People's Republic of China amended in 2022 introduced a fair competition review system in Article 5,but did not clarify the logical relationship between it and the anti-monopoly law and abuse of administrative power to exclude and restrict competition,and the system positioning was unclear.There are some problems in the implementation of the system,the ambiguity of the regulation object and the legal basis of the illegality of the behavior,the imperfection of the responsibility punishment rules.So,we should make it clear that the fair competition Review system belongs to the legal position of fair competition system in anti-monopoly law.The regulation object of abstract administrative act monopoly is legally divided,the scope of"Provisions"is reasonably explained,and the two models of administrative monopoly regulation methods are effectively coordinated.Determine the legal standards for determining the illegality of conduct in the fair competition review,and clarify the investigation power of anti-monopoly law enforcement agencies when they violate the fair competition review.Through the legal connection between anti-monopoly law enforcement and internal administrative accountability,we will improve the mechanism of fair competition review,law enforcement and accountability.