野生动物刑法保护法益之重构

Reconstruction on Legal Interests of the Criminal Law Protection for Wildlife

近年来,野生动物刑法保护领域显失公平判决频出,凸显背后的司法与理论困境。厘清问题的理论脉络、明晰保护的法益内容,是消解此种困境之根本路径。对于野生动物刑法保护法益的重构,首先要扬弃传统形式法益观,明晰并倡导实质法益。在“相对人类中心法益观”的基本立场之下,野生动物刑法保护之实质法益应以“生物多样性”为核心,即保护以野生动物生存权为基础的野生动物物种多样性。“珍贵、濒危野生动物”之界定不应以“资源”为标准,而应以物种在生态自然中的“稀缺性”为标准,最终目的在于维护生态系统中动物的物种多样性。物种多样性之维护可能不能为人类带来短期利益,但符合人类长久生存与发展的利益。在此基础上,生物多样性法益既具有法律的解释与批判功能,亦具有司法适用功能,能够有效破除当前野生动物刑法保护之司法理论困境。

In recent years,the frequent occurrence of unfair judgments in the field of criminal Law protection of wildlife highlights the judicial conflicts and theoretical difficulties behind them.Clarifying the theoretical context of the problem and clarifying the protection of legal interests are the fundamental ways to resolve such conflicts and difficulties.In the determination of the substantive legal interests of criminal law protection for wildlife,it is necessary to abandon the traditional view of legal interests,clarify and advocate substantive legal interests.Under the basic standpoint of relative anthropocentrism,the substantive legal interests of criminal law protection for wildlife should center on"biological diversity",that is,to protect the diversity of wild animal species based on the right to survival of wild animals.The definition of"precious and endangered wild animals"should not be based on"resources"but should be based on the"scarcity"of species in ecological nature.The ultimate goal of protection is to maintain the species diversity of animals in the ecosystem.The maintenance of species diversity may not bring short-term benefits to human beings,but it is in the interests of long-term survival and development of human beings.On this basis,the legal interests of biodiversity not only have the functions of legislative interpretation and criticism,but also have the function of judicial application,which can effectively break the current legislative dilemma and judicial conflicts of the criminal law protection for wildlife.