连续性肾替代治疗容量评估与管理专家共识

Expert consensus on fluid volume assessment and management in continuous renal replacement therapy

近年来的研究表明,容量过负荷是合并急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)、急性呼吸窘迫综合征或脓毒症的重症患者肾脏功能损害加重、肾功能恢复率降低和病死率增加的独立危险因素。容量过负荷对肾功能的损害可能与肾静脉高压、肾间质水肿有关,并最终导致肾血流量和肾小球滤过率下降。然而,通过利尿剂或连续性肾替代治疗(continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT)进行液体清除会增加患者血容量不足、血流动力学不稳定、组织器官灌注不足等风险。因此,CRRT期间对AKI患者进行准确的容量状态评估与管理至关重要。中华医学会肾脏病学分会专家组基于循证医学证据及临床经验制定了《CRRT容量评估与管理专家共识》。专家组通过对此领域系统全面的文献检索、数据分析及专业讨论,构建了5个CRRT容量管理的专题:AKI患者容量失衡的病理生理学基础及危害、AKI患者容量管理策略、AKI患者容量状态及反应性评估、CRRT容量管理的分级与应用和CRRT容量管理目标制定与CRRT处方。该共识旨在规范临床操作,降低AKI患者容量失衡的发生率并改善其预后。

Recent studies have revealed that fluid overload is an independent risk factor for increasing renal function impairment, decreasing renal recovery rate and increasing mortality in severe patients with acute kidney injury (AKI), acute respiratory distress syndrome,or sepsis. The damage of fluid overload on renal function may be related to renal venous hypertension and renal interstitial edema, and eventually lead to the decrease of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. However, fluid clearance with diuretics or continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) may increase the risk of hypovolemia, hemodynamic instability, and tissue and organ hypoperfusion. Therefore, accurate fluid volume status assessment and management in AKI patients during CRRT is critical. The expert group of Chinese Society of Nephrology formulated this expert consensus on fluid volume assessment and management in CRRT based on evidence-based medical evidence and clinical experience. Through systematic and comprehensive literature search, data analysis and professional discussion in this field, the expert group constructed five special topics on fluid volume management in CRRT: the pathophysiological basis and harm of fluid volume imbalance in AKI patients, the management strategies on fluid volume in AKI patients, the assessment on fluid volume status and reactivity in AKI patients, the grading and application of fluid volume management in CRRT, and the management target and prescription on fluid volume in CRRT. This consensus aims to standardize clinical operations, reduce the incidence of fluid volume imbalances in AKI patients, and improve the patients' prognosis.