洛克自然权利与自然秩序相协调的财产权理论

Locke’s Theory of Property Right Coordinating Natural Rights and Natural Order

在中世纪晚期至现代早期的自然法历史中,自然法所主张的万物共有与财产私有之间的张力始终存在。17世纪,菲尔默以自然法共有秩序与私有财产权之间的张力批评格劳修斯等近代自然法学家的财产权理论。为回应菲尔默的批评,洛克一方面从人人平等原则、自我保存的自然权利以及劳动等三个方面论证自然法之下拥有财产的权利自由,另一方面主张自然法在政治社会中基于保障“非臣服”的自由而对私有财产无限积累发挥着限制力,由此,洛克财产权理论诠释了主流个人主义所忽略的“共同善”一面。这样,洛克财产权理论与中世纪以来的许可性自然法传统仍然保持了连续性,其财产权理论中的自然秩序与自然权利得以协调。

In the history of natural law from the late Middle Ages to the early modern period,there always exists a tension between natural law’s claim to the commonwealth of all things and the private ownership of property.In the seventeenth century,Filmer criticized the theory of property right of modern natural law jurists such as Grotius for the tension between the natural law order of the commons and the property right.In response to Filmer’s criticism,Locke,on the one hand,argued for the freedom of owning property under the natural law from the principle of equality of all man,the natural right of self-preservation,and labour,on the other hand,he claimed that natural law exerted a limiting power on the unlimited accumulation of private property in political society based on the guarantee of non-subjection liberty.Thus,Locke’s property theory interprets the“common good”which is ignored by the dominant individualist.In this way,Locke’s property theory remains in continuity with the permissive natural law tradition from the Middle Ages onwards,and the natural order and natural right in his property theory are reconciled.