广东省村镇聚落体系演化及其优化重组

The evolution and optimized reconstructing analysis of rural settlement system in Guangdong province

面向城乡融合发展和乡村振兴战略,村镇聚落体系重组是优化城乡地域空间结构重要基础。本文聚焦村镇聚落体系的等级规模和空间组织特征两方面,全面揭示1990—2020年广东省111个行政单元村镇聚落体系的演化过程和地域类型特征,并探讨其演化机制和空间优化重组的地域模式。结果表明:(1)广东省村镇聚落体系等级规模分布特征具有显著的区域差异性,村镇聚落斑块呈现以各行政单元几何中心为核向心聚集分布特征。村镇聚落体系位序累积规模系数呈现西南高、东北低和沿海高、内陆低的空间分布格局,位序累积规模系数下降区域集中于珠江口东岸和粤东沿海地区,上升区域主要分布在珠江口西岸。(2)自然本底、经济发展、城镇化发展、交通区位、制度与政策等因素协同驱动村镇聚落体系的发展演变。处于城镇化成熟阶段的城区型村镇聚落体系规模小斑块数量少,逐渐消亡并融入城市;在城镇化、工业化和政策制度共同驱动下,近郊型村镇聚落经历了优胜劣汰并保持着稳定的数量与规模,城乡用地混杂发展使村镇空间组织日渐松散;远郊型村镇聚落在生产要素持续外流驱动下普遍呈现“空心化”,村民回乡建房和宅基地退出机制缺位等使其规模持续稳定增长,空间分布愈加离心外围扩散;山区型发展区位欠佳的村镇在政策制度支持下缓慢发展,呈现沿交通线为发展轴延展的聚集特征。(3)面向城乡空间关联融合发展,凝练提出城乡融合发展、双核驱动发展、中心地等级体系发展和泛中心链式集群化发展4种村镇空间优化重组模式。

According to the strategic direction of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization,the spatial reconstruction of rural settlement system is the spatial organization foundation of future urban-rural integration development.This paper focused on the hierarchical scale and spatial organization characteristics of the rural settlement system.It comprehensively revealed the evolution process and regional characteristics of rural settlement systems of 111 administrative units in Guangdong province from 1990 to 2020,and discussed their evolutionary mechanism and spatial optimizing and reorganizing regional modes.The results show that:(1)There were significant regional differences in the hierarchical scale distribution of the rural settlement system in Guangdong.The patches of rural settlements show the characteristics of concentric aggregation and distribution centered on the geometric barycenter of each administrative unit.The spatial distribution pattern of the rank cumulative size coefficients of rural settlement system was"high in the southwest,but low in the northeast"and"high in coastal areas,and low in the inland".The decreasing region of the rank cumulative size coefficient was concentrated on the east bank of the Pearl River Estuary and coastal areas of eastern Guangdong,while the increasing region was mainly distributed on the west bank of the Pearl River Estuary.(2)The influencing factors such as natural background,economic development,urbanization development,transportation and location,institutions and policies jointly drove the development and evolution of the rural settlement system.Rural settlement system of urban areas is small in scale in the mature stage of urbanization,which will gradually die out and integrate into the city.Driven by urbanization,industrialization and policies,rural settlement system of suburban areas has experienced survival of the fittest and maintains a stable scale,but the mixed distribution of urban and rural land makes the spatial organization of rural settlements increasingly loose.Driven by the continuous outflow of production factors,exurb rural settlements appear to be"hollowing out".The villagers returning to build new houses and the lack of homestead exit mechanism have led to a continuous and stable growth in rural settlement scale,and their spatial distribution is characterized by more peripheral diffusion.Rural settlement system with poor location in mountainous areas develops slowly under the support of policies,and the aggregation characteristic along the transportation line is significant.(3)Facing the integrated development of urban and rural spaces,four models of spatial optimization and reorganization of rural settlement system are proposed:urban-rural integration development,dual-core-driven development,central place hierarchical system development,and pan-center chain-connecting cluster development.