日本国土开发与城乡融合推动乡村振兴的政策及实践

Policies and practices of promoting rural revitalization through territory development and urban-rural integration in Japan

国土开发和城乡融合已成为中国全面推进乡村振兴的重要途径,日本在相关领域丰富的政策及实践经验值得研究借鉴。本文考察日本乡村振兴的经济社会背景和法律规划变迁,梳理国土开发和城乡融合的政策和实践,总结其乡村振兴实现机制及对中国的启示。研究表明:第二次世界大战以后日本城乡关系由竞争转向融合,农村生态环保、文化交流、观光休闲等功能日益凸显。经过几十年探索,日本形成了以国土开发与城乡融合为两翼、从要素流动和空间拓展多维度发力的乡村振兴推进机制。主要经验包括经济增长奠定坚实基础、较为完备的法律体系、政府主导规划和支持措施、农村开发政策导向实现从外来到内生的转变、有重点地平衡区域发展、信息技术加速价值开发和城乡要素对流。出现的问题包括早期国土开发过度依赖中央主导型投资、缺乏独立的乡村振兴规划、地方中央规划的协调性差。基于较为成熟的经济发展阶段和国家治理体系,中国也形成了诸多有效的乡村振兴政策和实践模式。日本经验的有益启示包括完善国土规划体系、加快专业立法、创新经营与乡村治理模式、畅通城乡信息对流。

In China,territory development and urban-rural integration have become important ways to promote rural revitalization.However,Japan has relevant policies and rich experiences that are worth summarizing and referencing.This article examines Japan's socio-economic background and changes in the legislation and regulation of rural revitalization.Further,it summarizes policies and practices related to territory development and urban-rural integration,referring to the implementation mechanisms of rural revitalization to demonstrate the implications for China.The findings demonstrate that after World War II,urban-rural Japan shifted from competition to integration,and rural areas became important for ecological and environmental protection,cultural exchanges,sightseeing,and leisure.Through decades of exploration,Japan has formed a rural revitalization mechanism based on territory development and urban-rural integration,with multiple factor flow and spatial expansion functions.The main experiences in Japan provide a solid basis for rural revitalization through economic growth,legal systems,government-led planning and support measures,policy orientation transformation from external to endogenous rural development,balanced regional development with focused sectors,and IT-driven urban-rural value development and exchanges.Noteworthy problems include excessive dependence on centrally driven investments in the early stages,a lack of independent rural revitalization plans,and poor coordination between local and central authorities.In a relatively mature stage of economic development,with a unified national governance system,China has also formed effective rural revitalization policies and practice models.Japan's instructive experiences include improving territory development planning systems,accelerating specified legislation,developing innovative models of business management and rural governance,and smoothing urban-rural information exchanges.