论康德伦理学中的自我关切

On the Self⁃regard in Kant's Ethics

在斯洛特(Michael Slote)等一些研究者看来,康德声称只有促进他人的幸福才是道德主体所应该承担的德性义务,而促进个人的幸福并不属于这种义务的范畴。对此,斯洛特批评其理论由于缺乏自我关切的维度而将导致“自我—他人的不对称性”,这不仅与康德所提出的定言命令相冲突,而且将产生实际行动上的不良后果。同时,康德在谈及人们是否有追求自身幸福的义务时,其表述始终是含糊不清,论证上也存在着矛盾性。本文将反驳这些批评与质疑,指出在康德的道德理论中,定言命令首先从根本意义上保证了自我关切,而且也能够支持“自我—他人的对称性”,一方面,从某种意义上来说,符合道德要求的对个人幸福的追求实际上仍然属于我们的德性义务,另一方面,只有在主观上将促进他人的幸福作为“直接义务”,我们才能够达到保证每一个人利益实现的整体性幸福的境界。

In the view of some scholars like Slote,Kantian ethics doesn't care about the people's specific interests and individual happiness due to Kant's emphasis on the universality of the moral rules as its core.Especially,Kant clearly advocates that only promoting the other's happiness is the duty of virtue that the moral agent deserves,but promoting the individual's happiness is exclusive of this.Slote criticizes it and argues that this thinking leads to the asymmetry between the self and the other due to the lack of the dimension of self⁃regard,which is contradictory to Kant's categorical imperative and will lead to unfavorable conse⁃quences in actual activities;at the same time,Kant is always unclear in talking about whether people have the duty to pursue self⁃happiness.This paper first refutes Slote's criticism of Kant and points out that in Kant's moral theory,the categorical imper⁃ative fundamentally ensures the self⁃regard and fully guarantees the symmetry between the self and the other,which is in line with Kant's virtue ethics in later years;second,Slote's misunderstanding lies in that he fails to understand the implications of the concept of happiness in Kant's ethics;third,even if Kant regards promoting the individual's happiness as an“indirect duty”,compared with the“direct duty”of promoting the other's happiness,the two are the same in terms of value because Kant only u⁃ses the two to reveal the time sequence of motivation and action.On the one hand,the individual happiness based on morality belongs to our moral duty actually;on the other hand,only through the direct duty of consciously promoting the other's happi⁃ness can we realize the goal of the holistic happiness with the guarantee of everyone's interests.