乡村生活治理有效何以实现——以生活垃圾治理的积分制实践为例

How to Achieve Effective Rural Life Governance——take points exchange mechanism of garbage management as a case

推进乡村全面振兴背景下,以农村人居环境整治为核心的生活治理成为乡村治理的重点任务之一。村民合作是推动实现低成本高效能乡村生活治理的重要条件。以生活垃圾治理为例,基于田野调查发现,生活治理中的合作共治面临着激励难题,这一难题可在村庄生活共同体内社会竞争与社会声誉的基础上予以破解。生活治理过程中,地方治理主体实施积分兑换机制,通过评估村民的垃圾分类等行为并量化为积分,在此基础上进行不同层次的奖励。分级奖励机制有助于激发村庄中的社会竞争,使积分从对行动者的行为评估转化为道德评价。道德评价既是对垃圾分类过程中合作者的声誉奖励,也使不合作者面临声誉压力,进而发挥规范、惩戒的作用。这种声誉奖励和声誉压力可充分激发村民采取合作行为、约束不合作行为,进而提升乡村生活治理效能。

In the context of rural revitalization,the focus of rural governance has shifted to life governance.Vil-lagers’cooperation is an important condition to promote the realization of low-cost daily life governance.Based on field cases,taking the garbage management as a case,it is found that cooperation in daily life governance fac-es incentive problems,which can be solved on the basis of social competition and reputation in village life com-munity.In the process of daily life governance,local governance subjective implemented points exchange mech-anism,and the cleaner assessed villagers’garbage sorting behavior and quantified it into points,on which dif-ferent levels of rewards were awarded.This mechanism graded reward stimulates social competition in the vil-lage,transforming points from a behavioral evaluation of the actor into a moral evaluation.These evaluations are reputational rewards for the cooperators in the process of garbage classification,but also make the betrayers face reputational pressure,and then play a role of punishment.Reputation reward and reputation pressure fur-ther stimulate the villagers to take cooperative behavior and restrain the betrayal behavior,thus improving the level of daily life governance in the village.