纳米酶在抗生素检测中的应用进展

Advances in applications of nanoenzymes in antibiotic detection

近年来,抗生素作为一种基础治疗药物已经被广泛应用于医学、畜牧业和水产养殖业中,但是由于其过度使用导致的抗生素残留也对生态环境以及人类健康构成了严重威胁.抗生素残留会持续通过生态与生物累积危害人与动物健康,因此对环境样本抗生素残留进行有效监测具有十分重要的意义.纳米酶是一类具有类酶催化活性的功能纳米材料,是新一代人工酶,具有高稳定性、独特的化学性质、易于表面调节和生物相容性等诸多优点,解决了天然酶制备困难、成本高、易失活等问题.本文综述了近年来基于纳米酶的抗生素传感策略的最新研究进展,着重阐述了不同种类纳米酶的作用机制和在抗生素检测方面的研究现状,并对纳米酶传感器的发展前景作了进一步的展望,可为设计高性能基于纳米酶的抗生素传感装置提供理论依据和实际应用的范例,从而为利用纳米酶设计新型传感器提供新思路.

Antibiotics have been extensively used as therapeutic drugs in medicine, animal husbandry, and aquaculture. However, theexcessive use of antibiotics presents a significant threat to both the ecological environment and human health. Antibioticresidues continue to pose a hazard to human and animal health due to bioaccumulation. Therefore, it is crucial to detectantibiotic residues in the environment. Currently, researchers are actively developing various sensor platforms, such aschemical and physical methods to detect antibiotic residues in different sample matrices. Biological nanomaterials havebeen extensively studied for their exceptional performance in the rapid and sensitive detection of antibiotics.Enzymes are highly potent catalysts, known for their remarkable ability to accelerate reactions and exhibit unparalleledselectivity. These unique characteristics make enzymes a primary focus of research for scientists. However, the applicationof natural enzymes is greatly limited due to their inherent drawbacks, such as easy deactivation and environmentaldependence. To overcome these limitations, researchers have synthesized nanoenzymes that mimic the functions of naturalenzymes while maintaining stable catalytic activity. Nanoenzymes are functional nanomaterials with enzyme-like catalyticactivity, making them a new generation of artificial enzymes. Comparing with nature enzymes, nanoenzymes offer severaladvantages, including high stability, low synthesis cost, good ability to withstand harsh reaction conditions, easy surfaceregulation, and biocompatibility. In the past decade, nanoenzymes have emerged as a promising alternative in varioustechnical fields. Their versatility and applicability make nanoenzymes highly valuable in various technical fields, such asimmunoassays, biosensing, small molecule detection, diagnosis, imaging, therapy, microbial management, and pollutantremoval.The incorporation of nanoenzymes into existing sensors can enhance their detection and sensing capabilities. Althoughgreat efforts have been achieved in some reviews for the summarization of nanoenzymes-based sensors, most have onlyfocused on the materials or signals used in tumor treatment, biomedical applications, and few reports concentrate on theconstruction and classification of these sensing units in environmental science and technology, especially in antibioticcontaminants. Due to the rapidly increasing antibiotics, it is vital to detect and remove organic pollutants using newnanoenzyme technologies. This review explores the catalytic processes and abilities of four common nanoenzymes, whilealso highlighting their inherent connections. The four nanoenzymes discussed are peroxidase, catalase, oxidase, andsuperoxide dismutase nanoenzymes. Meanwhile, the review provides a comprehensive elaboration on the researchprogress in antibiotic detection using these nanoenzymes and discusses their reaction mechanisms. Additionally, it focuseson the recent advancements in antibiotic detection using nanoenzyme sensors, and mainly focus on ultraviolet methods,electrochemical methods, fluorescence methods, and their respective working principles and detection performance. Inaddition, the nanoenzyme-based sensors have also shown promising conversion potential to detect multiple pesticidessimultaneously, which require the integration of multiple recognition elements into sensors. This review holds greatsignificance in guiding the development of advanced antibiotic analysis techniques and monitoring and controllingeffectively of antibiotic pollution in the environment.