应急治理中自组织如何促进合作秩序生成?——基于大规模公众众包的分析

How Self-Organization in Emergency Governance Contributes to a Generation of Cooperative Order?——An Analysis Based on Large-scale Public Crowdsourcing

公众自组织在应急响应中的作用日益显著,成为恢复社会秩序的重要力量。现有研究大多探讨社会组织的演进特征及主体交互过程,对应急响应中在线自组织合作的机理缺乏关注。本研究以2008年汶川地震中诞生的卓明灾害信息中心、2020年新冠肺炎疫情中的NCP生命支援以及2021年7.20郑州特大暴雨中的“救命文档”三个由公众自组织形成的大规模公众众包为例,探讨应急治理中自组织促进合作秩序生成的内在逻辑。研究发现:大规模公众众包的初始条件为复杂灾害环境下的制度空间、Web2.0时代下的开放环境、众包行动的初始自主性;具备初始行动条件后,公众能够基于信息技术激活合作实现主体间关系重塑,在应急响应过程中,公众基于任务进行内外部的适应性交互,形成对要素的再分配;最后,在对众包过程和结果的双向激励下,公众众包产生的动能得以转化,促进应急治理中的合作秩序生成。

The role of public self-organization in emergency response has gained increasing prominence,emerging as a vital force in restoring social order.Existing studies primarily examine the evolutionary characteristics of social organizations and the interactive processes among key actors,yet there is a lack of attention to the mechanisms through which online self-organization participates in emergency collaboration.The internal logic of selforganization for cooperative order generation in emergency governance is examined in this research.To illustrate this,it investigates three large-scale public crowdsourcing initiatives formed by public self-organization:the Zhuoming Disaster Information Center in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,the NCP Life Support during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020,and the“Life-saving Documents”during the severe flooding in Zhengzhou on July 20,2021.Research findings indicate that:(1)Large-scale public crowdsourcing relies on certain initial conditions to drive collaborative production.These conditions include the institutional space within complex disaster environments,the open environment of the Web 2.0 era,and the initial autonomy of crowdsourcing actions.(2)Once the initial conditions are met,the public can activate cooperation and reshape relationships between stakeholders through information technology.Within the emergency response process,public crowdsourcing engages in adaptive interactions,both internally and externally,based on specific tasks,leading to the reallocation of resources.(3)Finally,through bidirectional incentives concerning the crowdsourcing process and outcomes,the momentum of public crowdsourcing can translate into reality,ultimately contributing to the establishment of a collaborative order in the context of emergency governance.