论专长研究的四种进路

On the Four Research Approaches to Expertise

近年来,随着专家作用的凸显和专家身份的复杂化,专长研究已在哲学、社会学、心理学、神经科学、人工智能等多个学科领域迅速崛起,但其发展仍不成熟。为了更好地从整体上把握当前专长研究,可以大致将其定位为四种各具特色的研究进路。它们分别是基于真理的认识论进路,基于涉身性的现象学进路,基于卓越表现的心理学进路,以及基于社会化的社会学进路。以上四种进路已经产生了大量积极的研究成果,极大地拓展了我们对专长本质的理解,但仍面临诸多挑战。除了各进路的局部批评意见之外,学科之间还缺乏富有成效的对话与合作。对此,可以尝试进行更多跨学科对话与合作,以跨学科方式整合资源,共同推进专长研究。

In recent years,with the prominence of the role of experts and the complexity of their identities,expertise research has been rapidly emerging in a number of disciplines,including philosophy,sociology,psychology,neuroscience,and artificial intelligence,but its development is still immature.In order to better grasp the current expertise research as a whole,it can be roughly positioned into four distinctive research approaches.They are the epistemological approach based on truth,the phenomenological approach based on embodiment,the psychological approach based on superior performance,and the sociological approach based on socialization.These four approaches have produced a great deal of positive research that has greatly expanded our understanding of the nature of expertise,but they still face many challenges.In addition to local criticisms of each approach,there is a lack of fruitful dialogue and cooperation between disciplines.In this regard,more interdisciplinary dialogue and cooperation can be attempted to integrate resources in an interdisciplinary manner to jointly advance expertise research.