清初武科举制度演化及其对社会治理的影响

Evolution of Military Examination System and Its Influence on Social Governance in the Early Qing Dynasty

清初政治局面风云变幻,皇权统治甫定,急需建立有效的社会治理模式。清朝沿袭明代武举制度并加以修订,创立了武科举制度。清朝依托武科举制度得以稳定吸纳降军,构建新军制,同时将皇权延伸至基层社会。顺治、康熙两朝逐步完善了武科举考试章程,形成完整的体系,在考试内容上杂满汉,并在考试资格上进一步向社会开放。与之相应,清朝创建了武科举铨选规制,通过分发和随营制度确立了武科人员的选官方式。武科举制度成为清初社会治理的一个枢纽,皇权通过该制度加强了对基层社会和军制的控制,同时社会各方力量经过武科举也实现与皇权统治的互动。清初政府最终利用阶层流动制度快速建立有效的社会治理力量,确立了新的皇权专制治理体系。

The political situation in the early Qing Dynasty was constantly changing,and the rule of imperial power was uncertain.It was urgent to establish an effective social governance model.The Qing Dynasty inherited and revised the Ming Dynasty's military examination system,and established the military imperial examination system.The Qing Dynasty relied on the military examination to steadily absorb surrendered troops,establish a new military system,and extend imperial power to grassroots society.The Shunzhi and Kangxi dynasties gradually improved the regulations for the martial arts imperial examination,forming a complete system,blending Manchu and Han in the examination content,and further opening up the examination qualifications to society.Correspondingly,the Qing Dynasty established regulations for the selection of military personnel through the distribution and accompanying system,establishing the method of selecting officials for military personnel.The military examination system became a hub of social governance in the early Qing Dynasty,through which the imperial power strengthened its control over grassroots society and the military system.At the same time,various forces in society also interacted with the imperial rule through the military examination.In the early of Qing Dynasty,the government made use of the class mobility system to quickly establish an effective social governance force and established a new imperial autocratic governance system.