顷刻传遍世界的神话:马克思恩格斯的电讯批判与新闻创新实践

Myths spread over the whole earth in a moment: The criticism on telegrams and journalistic innovative practices from Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

19世纪中叶,电报技术逐步融入新闻业,经历了约10年的适应阶段。马克思恩格斯的电讯实践,恰处于电报技术融入新闻业的这关键的10年。他们的新闻实践紧紧跟进电报用于新闻传播的进程,创造性地使用电报催生的最新新闻体裁——电讯,通过各种路径在有限的时间内辨析电讯内容的真实程度,从而获得了通讯员的公信力,达到了预期的传播效果。他们思考着电报如何从垄断走向社会化,如何通过商业、战争领域接入新闻业,新闻业应如何以专业的态度适应电报这一新技术等等问题。这些针对新闻业技术应用提出的批判思想散见于他们的报道中,却鲜见于马克思主义新闻观研究。本文展现他们这些方面的实践创新,以启示我们用批判的思维面对各种新媒体的应用。

In the mid-19th century, telegraph was gradually applied to journalism, which went through about 10 years to fit. The period when Marx and Engels reported telegrams was coincided with the crucial decade that telegraph was integrated into journalism. Their journalistic practice closely followed the process of telegraph's application in journalism, and creatively used the latest news style: telegram, which was brought about by telegraph. Through various ways, they analyzed the truth of the contents of telegrams within a limited time, thus gaining the credibility of correspondents and achieving the expected communication effect. They thought about how the telegraph would go from monopoly to socialization, how it would be connected to journalism through the fields of commerce or military, and how journalism should adapt to the new technology with a professional attitude. These critical thoughts on the application of journalistic technology are scattered in their reports, but rarely seen in the study of Marxism Journalism Views. This paper presents their practice and innovation in these aspects, so as to enlighten us to face the application of various new media with critical thinking.