新文化运动后的中西医之争——鲁迅的何廉臣批判

The Dispute Between Chinese and Western Medicine after the New Culture Movement:Lu Xun’s Critique of He Lianchen

新文化运动以后,中西医之争作为“新旧”之争的重要内容愈演愈烈。鲁迅是中西医论争史上无法绕开的人物,尤其是围绕父亲的病所展开的何廉臣批判,在鲁迅笔下,何廉臣批判经历了从私下到公开,从泛化的传统批判到针对具体个人的转变,这种转变在1925年中医教育提案风波的契机下宣告完成。鲁迅的批判不是一场追剿“巫医”的行动,而是针对汇通派中医的文化批判。明清以来医学界早已自觉展开一种具有相当宽容性的中西汇通实践,但到新文化运动之后,主张中西汇通的医学改良派被启蒙者视为医学现代化的主要威胁甚至反动派,这与同时期新文化知识分子批判东西调和论是一致的。一个世纪过去,当下很多有关中西医之争的话题仍处在鲁迅何廉臣批判的延长线上,从新文化运动的侧面进入中国医学现代化讨论的源头语境或许有助于解析这种复杂性。

Lu Xun is an indispensable figure in the history of the debate between Chinese and Western medicine.Particularly widely known is Lu Xun’s criticism of He Lianchen,centered around his father’s illness,and its influence on his works.In his writings,“He Lianchen critique”underwent a transformation from private to public,from generalized criticism of traditional values to targeting specific individuals;this transformation reached its peak in 1925 with a furor over the proposal for Chinese medicine education.Lu Xun’s critique was not to belittle the“witch doctors”,it was rather a cultural critique of the Huitong school of Chinese medicine,which was the key theme of the Sino-Western medical controversy of the same period.After the New Culture Movement,the medical reformists who advocated the convergence of Chinese and Western medicine were regarded by the Chinese Enlightenment intellectuals as the main threat to the modernization of medicine.