论正当防卫的辅助性:理论基础与规则适用

On the Subsidiarity of Self-Defense:Theoretical basis and Application of Rules

正当防卫的辅助性所探讨的问题是,警察在场时,公民能否实施正当防卫。关于此,文献中基于罪刑法定原则、二元论法理基础、防卫权和警察权之分野等完全否定正当防卫辅助性之见解是难以成立的。此问题的关键在于明确正当防卫这一私人暴力和警察的危险防御这一国家暴力之间的关系。根据国家暴力垄断原则,正当防卫作为私人暴力,旨在填补国家保护的不足。由此,相较于警察的危险防御,私人的正当防卫处于辅助地位,两者间存在严格的顺位关系。正当防卫辅助性的适用规则为:当警察身处现场即“狭义在场”时,若其能有效地制止不法侵害,公民无正当防卫权;当警察虽不在现场但可及时赶到即“广义在场”时,公民无通知、等待警察到来的义务,可径直实施正当防卫权。

The problems concerning the subsidiarity of justifiable defense is about that when the police are present,whether citizens have the right to exercise justifiable defense.The opinions that completely reject the subsidiarity of self-defense based on the legality principle,the legal basis of self-defense and the distinction between self-defense and police power are not persuasive.The key to answering this question lies in clarifying the self-defense,which is private violence,and the police’s defense against dangerous,which is national violence.According to the principle of state monopoly on violence,the legitimacy of self-defense is to fill the deficiency of national protection.Therefore,compared with police power,the private self-defense is in a supplementary position,which means that there is a strict sequence relation between the police power and private self-defense.When the police are on the accident spot and the police can effectively stop unlawful infringement,citizens will have no right to self-defense;While when the police are not on the accident spot but still they can arrive in time,citizens can directly use the right of self-defense,because citizens have no duty to notify and wait for the arrival of the police.