复合数词语义运算显性标记的类型学考察

Typological Study of Overt Markers of Arithmetic Operations in Complex Numerals

世界不同语言的复合数词通常由两个或多个成分通过数值语义运算方式构成,并部分运用显性标记标示。鉴于国内外相关研究不充分,文章运用多样性取样方法建立包括365种语言的语种库,对复合数词语义关系的显性标记进行类型学考察,新发现了两种特殊的显性标记:在不同语义运算中使用不同词形表示同一数值,以及运用不同停顿时长辅助标记语义运算顺序。不同语言显性标记与语义运算之间的对应情况各异,其具体选择存在4种制约因素:复合数词的数值大小、语义运算类型数量、相对数值关系、语义运算成分差异。不同语言显性标记的位置选择存在5个共性,其中1个是绝对共性,4个是倾向共性。

Complex numerals in different languages of the world are usually composed of two or more components by means of arithmetic operations,which are partially marked by overt markers.Given the inadequate research of related research at home and abroad,this paper establishes a sample of 365 languages by using the diversity value sampling method and conducts a typological study on these overt markers.It finds two kinds of special overt markers:different forms for the same number in different arithmetic operations,and different pause duration for different orders of operations.The relations between overt markers and arithmetic operations are different in different languages and four constraints work on the selection of markers:the numerical value of complex numerals,the number of arithmetic operations,the relations between product and remainder,and the differences of components involved in arithmetic operations.Five universals exist in the placement of overt markers in different languages,among which one is an absolute universal and four are near-universals.