镅元素生物毒性研究进展

Research progress in bio-toxicity of Americium

为了解镅元素对人体和环境的影响,查阅了国内外关于镅元素的文献与数据库,对镅元素的理化性质、暴露途径、作用机制和毒性进行了归纳,介绍了部分镅污染事故案例中观察到的人体代谢数据和规律,总结了关于镅的生物效应、毒理学和治疗的进展。镅以释放α射线为主,虽然穿透力弱,但内污染毒性大。人吸入或摄入环境、饮水和实物的镅元素,会经过肺、胃肠道或皮肤进入血液,迁移至人体多个器官组织,在肝脏和骨骼中沉积多,对人体造血系统、肺、肝脏、骨骼、生殖系统等造成损伤,具有强致癌效应。鉴于镅等锕系元素对人体的毒性大,对环境的影响时间长,应对环境、饮水和食品加强放射性的检测与监管,预防镅元素在环境中危害,使之在能源、医学、工业等领域发挥积极的作用。

The physical and chemical properties,exposure pathways,mechanism of effect and toxicity of Americium were summarized by reviewing the literature and databases on Americium at home and abroad.Human metabolic data and rules observed in some cases of Americium contamination were introduced,and the biological effects,toxicology and treatment progress of Americium were summarized.Americium mainly emits alpha rays.Although its penetration is weak,its internal contamination is highly toxic.Am-ericium inhaled or ingested by humans from the environment,drinking water and physical objects will en-ter the blood through lungs,gastrointestinal tract or skin,migrate to multiple organs and tissues of the hu-man body,and accumulate in the liver and bone,causing damage to the human hematopoietic system,lungs,liver,bone,reproductive system and so on,which could have a strong carcinogenic effect.In view of the high toxicity of Americium and other actinides to human body and the prolonged impact on the environment,it is necessary to strengthen the detection and regulation of radioactivity in the environment,drinking water and food,and to attach importance to the study of the biological effects of Americium and other actinides,so that Americium can play a positive role in energy,medicine,industry and other fields.