老年肌少症的运动干预

Exercise intervention methods for senile sarcopenia

背景:肌少症是指与增龄相关的进行性、全身肌量减少和/或肌强度下降或肌肉生理功能减退,该病症与老年人多种不良结局的发生有关。运动被认为是老年人对抗肌少症的主要策略之一,但当前缺乏对不同运动方式干预肌少症的具体干预方式研究。目的:阐述肌少症的主要影响因素和不同运动方式改善老年肌少症的研究进展,为老年人对抗肌少症提供参考和依据。方法:英文检索词为“sarcopenia,sport,exercise intervention,resistant training,aerobic exercise,whole body vibration training,mixed training,physical performance,muscle strength,muscle mass等”;中文检索词为“肌少症、运动、运动干预、抗阻运动、有氧运动、全身振动训练、多组分运动、身体表现、肌肉力量、肌肉质量等”,分别检索Web of Science、PubMed、中国知网、维普、万方数据库,检索时限为2000年1月至2023年10月,对入选的126篇文献进行归纳总结。结果与结论:(1)抗阻运动仍是防治老年肌少症的最有效运动方式,且高强度抗阻运动效果更为显著,但在实际应用中应注意训练负荷强度的循序渐进;(2)有氧运动结合抗阻运动对老年人肌肉质量和功能的改善相对于单一运动模式效果更好,建议老年人前期可以进行低强度有氧运动过渡,后期可以个体化增加抗阻运动;(3)全身振动训练是一种新兴的防治老年肌少症的治疗方法,但在实际应用过程中要尤其注意频率、振幅、持续时间对患者的影响;(4)多组分运动结合了不同运动方式,可以最大程度发挥各自的优势,从而对其进行个性化运动干预。

BACKGROUND:Sarcopenia refers to age-related progressive,systemic muscle mass reduction and/or muscle strength decline or muscle physiological function decline,which is related to the occurrence of a variety of adverse outcomes in older adults.Exercise is considered to be one of the main strategies for combating sarcopenia in older adults,but there is a lack of specific intervention methods of different exercise patterns to intervene in sarcopenia.OBJECTIVE:To elaborate the main influencing factors of sarcopenia and the research progress of different exercise methods to improve sarcopenia in older adults,providing reference and basis for combating sarcopenia in older adults.METHODS:Web of Science,PubMed,CNKI,VIP,WanFang databases were retrieved for relevant literature published from January 2000 to October 2023 using the keywords of“sarcopenia,sport,exercise intervention,resistant training,aerobic exercise,whole body vibration training,mixed training,physical performance,muscle strength,muscle mass”in Chinese and English,respectively.A total of 126 articles were included for review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Resistance exercise is still the most effective way to prevent and treat senile sarcopenia,and the effect of high-intensity resistance exercise is more significant.However,in practical application,we should pay attention to the gradual increase of training load intensity.Aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise is more effective to improve muscle mass and function in the elderly than a single exercise mode.It is suggested that older adults can carry out the transition of low-intensity aerobic exercise in the early stage and increase resistance exercise individually in the late stage.Whole body vibration training is a new treatment method for the prevention and treatment of senile sarcopenia,but particular attention should be paid to the effects of frequency,amplitude,and duration on patients during practical application.Multicomponent exercise combines different exercise modes,which can give full play to their respective advantages,so as to personalize exercise interventions.