十月革命胜利初期列宁思想和实践的政治性质

Study of Political Nature of Lenin s Socialist Thought and Practice in the Early Stage of the Russian October Revolution Victory

原苏联理论界和当代中国理论界大多数人认为,列宁在十月革命胜利初期即武装起义胜利后“最初几天起”就领导展开了社会主义建设。这是对列宁思想和实践进行脱离俄国实际的、激进化的装扮。实际上,这一时期列宁在俄国农村社会变革问题上主张对农民平均分配土地,发展小农经济;在城市变革特别是工业变革问题上主张在工业企业实行“工人监督”,即在不剥夺资本家财产的前提下由工人组织对企业的生产和分配过程进行监督;领导进行了国有化工作,但这一时期已实现国有化的大中型企业在全国大中型企业总数中的占比极少,而且在1918年4月提出必须暂停国有化,把“工人监督”的任务提到首要地位;主张实施国家资本主义措施,并要求学习德国的国家资本主义。因此这一时期列宁的思想和实践属于务实、渐进的政治性质:充分地关注到了俄国经济文化落后的实际,从实际出发采取适当的措施和政策;认识到了俄国向社会主义社会过渡的长期性,主张渐缓地、平和地推进建设社会主义的进程。只有这样认识和把握十月革命胜利初期列宁的思想和实践,才可理顺十月革命后列宁思想和实践的发展脉络,即十月革命胜利初期、国内战争时期、新经济政策时期他都主张务实、渐进的发展和过渡。只有这样理解列宁的思想和实践,才能真正把握“列宁主义”的理论精髓和当代意义。

Most scholars of the former Soviet Union and contemporary Chinese scholars believe that Lenin led the development of socialist construction in the early period after the victory of the October Revolution.This is a dressing up of Lenin s thought and practice in a radicalized way that is divorced from Russian reality.In fact,during this period,Lenin advocated the equal distribution of land to peasants and the development of a small peasant economy in terms of social change in rural areas of Russia.In terms of urban change,especially industrial change,he advocated the implementation of“workers supervision”in industrial enterprises,i.e.,organizing workers to supervise the process of production and distribution of enterprises without depriving capitalists of their property.Although he led the nationalization process,the number of large and medium-sized enterprises that were nationalized during this period was very small in relation to the national total,and in April 1918,he proposed that nationalization must be suspended and that workers supervision should be given top priority.He advocated the implementation of state capitalist measures and demanded that they should be modelled on the state capitalism of Germany.Thus Lenin s thought and practice in this period were of a pragmatic and progressive political nature:fully concerned with the reality of Russia s economic and cultural backwardness,he adopted appropriate measures and policies from a practical point of view;recognizing the long-term nature of Russia s transition to a socialist society,he advocated a gradual and peaceful advancement of the process of building socialism.Only by understanding Lenin s thought and practice in this way can the development of Lenin s thought and practice after the October Revolution be rationalized.Only by interpreting Lenin s thought and practice in this way will the theoretical essence and contemporary significance of Leninism be truly comprehended.