欧洲国家公园游憩发展历程与启示

The evolution and enlightenment of recreation development in European national parks

【目的】在全球国家公园系统中,欧洲与中国国家公园具有一个共同特点,即居住人口比较多,研究分析其保护与游憩协同发展历程对我国国家公园建设具有重要借鉴价值。【方法】基于质性研究方法,从发展历史、设施体系、管理政策等3个维度,在生态保育、游憩利用与社区发展等3个层面,对德国、法国、意大利等国家的国家公园进行比较分析。【结果】发现欧洲国家公园游憩发展是一个历史渐进的过程,生态保育与游憩利用、社区发展相辅相成,三者关系从最初的模糊认识逐步转向融合统一的精明治理,大致经历了萌芽期、发展期、成熟期及拓展期等4个阶段,其中支持游憩发展的设施体系逐步完善对国家公园游憩功能与品质的提升具有决定性影响。设施体系是欧洲国家公园保护与游憩协同发展的韧性支撑系统,在健康促进与特许经营等科学合理的管理政策保障下,实现国家公园景观质量、游憩体验质量与生态保护质量的统一。【结论】欧洲国家公园游憩设施的分区适应性、可持续性、保护性、实用性和景观融合性等,是我国国家公园建设发展过程中值得借鉴的关键所在。

【Objectives】In the global national park system,the national parks in Europe and China shared a common feature,that is,a large number of residents.The experience of the collaborative development process of protection and recreation was of great reference value for the construction of national parks in China.【Methods】Based on the qualitative research method,this paper compared and analyzed the national parks of Germany,France,and Italy from three dimensions of development history,facility system,and management policy,and three dimensions of ecological conservation,recreation use,and community development.【Results】Results showed that the recreation develop-ment of national parks in European countries was a historical and progressive process,and ecological conservation,recreation use,and community development complement each other.The relationship between the three has gradually changed from the initial vague understanding to the smart management of integration and unity and has roughly experienced four stages,including the embryonic stage,the development stage,the maturity stage,and the expansion stage.Among them,the gradual improvement of the facility system supporting the development of recreation performed a decisive impact on the improvement of the recreation function and quality of national parks.The facility system was a resilient support system for the coordinated development of protection and recreation in European national parks.Under the guarantee of scientific and reasonable management policies such as health promotion and franchising,the unification of landscape quality,recreational experience quality and ecological protection quality of national parks would be realized.【Conclusions】The zoning adaptability,sustainability,protection,practicality,and landscape integration of recreation facilities in European national parks were the key points worth learning from in our national parks.