绿营与土司:清中期普洱的绿营兵制和边疆治理

Green Camps and Native Chieftain: Green Camp Soldiering System and Border Governance in Pu’er in the Mid-Qing Period

在清朝调整西南边疆布防格局的过程中,兵缺募补和兵米供支因受限于当地的社会经济环境、赋役征收政策而成为沿边土司地区推行绿营兵制的制约因素之一。为保障普洱绿营兵制的运作,清朝一方面从内地各营抽调部分兵丁至普洱,以补兵缺;另一方面,将其兵米供支方式由折银给发改为支给本色,所需粮米由地方官于附近地区“分发采买”或拨运,雇用“夷民”背运。在清朝的经营策略下,当地出现了绿营官兵愈加强势、土司和土目逐渐衰微的趋势。这一转变对边疆秩序的影响是多面、复杂的,除为当地“土流并治”的治理方式提供军事支持外,绿营官兵在缺乏有效管理和监督后,也会对当时渐趋稳固的边疆秩序造成一定的冲击,从而引起地方动乱。

As the Qing Dynasty adjusted its defense pattern of the southwest border,that is,promoting the green camp soldiering system in borderland under the governance of native chieftain system,it faced constraints in the aspects of recruiting and supplementing soldiers as well as supplying rice for soldiers because of the local socio-economic environment,labor levy and taxation policy.To make sure that the green camp system would work well in Pu’er,the Qing Dynasty,on the one hand,transferred part of soldiers from inland camps respectively to the Pu’er to make up for the lack of soldiers;on the other hand,changed the way of supplying soldiering rice,from converting into silver(Zhe Yin)to products(Ben Se),that is,the local officials would purchase then distribute the needed grain and rice,or give from local reserve,and hired local people to carry.With this management strategy,the local green camp officers and soldiers were more and more powerful,while the power of native chieftain and local headman gradually declined.The impact of this change on the order of the borderland is multi-faceted and complex.In addition to providing military support for the joint governance of native officers and officials assigned by the government,the green camps,lacking effective management and supervision,also caused a certain impact on the order of borderland,leading to local turmoil.