国际规范生命力与全球治理的成效——非物质文化遗产保护与国际禁止捕鲸规范比较研究

The Vitality of International Norms and the Effectiveness of Global Governance——A Comparative Study of the Norm for Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Norm for Banning International Whaling

当前,全球性问题日益复杂,全球治理效果不彰使提升全球治理成效迫在眉睫。作为国际社会成员对自身所应采取的适当行为的集体期望,国际规范在演进中不断变化,影响治理主体的认知和行为,从而为全球治理提供方向和依据。全球治理需要确立全球性规范以避免碎片化治理、提升治理效能。而国际规范本身具有生命力,规范生命力越强,越能在扩散过程中抵御和应对针对自身的挑战。规范越具全球性,越利于提升全球治理成效。规范生命力可从国际社会成员认可普遍程度、成员认知和成员遵约行为三个维度来观察,通过成员多样性、成员认知一致性、制度化水平和违背规范成本四个指标来衡量。在全球文化治理领域,非物质文化遗产保护规范扩散顺利有效,相比之下,在全球生物多样性治理领域,国际禁止捕鲸规范扩散坎坷。通过比较可以发现,非物质文化遗产保护规范生命力更强,并呈现不断增强态势,国际禁止捕鲸规范生命力相对较弱,且历经由弱增强又减弱的过程。两种国际规范的发展历程揭示,从规范创设者和倡导者角度出发,契合国际文化背景、发掘普遍性问题、挖掘多元性价值、针对合作型规范建立有效惩罚制度,有助于创设生命力更强、更具全球性的规范。大国应利用自身权力和资源优势,为全球治理创设和传播生命力更强的国际规范。

At present,while global issues are becoming increasingly complex,global governance lacks effectiveness.As collective expectation of the international community for appropriate actions to be taken,international norms are constantly evolving and influencing the cognition and behavior of governance entities,thereby providing direction and basis for global governance.International norms have vitality in themselves.The stronger their vitality is,the better they can respond to challenges in the process of diffusion.The more globally diffused the norms are,the more capable they are of improving the effectiveness of global governance.The vitality of norms can be observed from three dimensions,the cognitive universality of members of the international community,their cognition,and their compliance behavior.The vitality can be measured by four indicators,diversity of members,consistency of cognition across members,level of institutionalization,and the cost of normviolation.In global cultural governance,the diffusion of the norm for safeguarding intangible cultural heritage has been smooth and effective.In contrast,in global biodiversity governance,the diffusion of the norm for banning international whaling has been bumpy.Through comparison,it can be found that the vitality of the norm for safeguarding intangible cultural heritage is stronger and shows a trend toward continuous increase of strength.The vitality of the norm for banning international whaling is relatively weak.And it has gone through a process of weakening,strengthening and weakening.The development processes of two international norms reveal that in terms of norm creation and entrepreneurship,such strategies as adapting to the international cultural background,exploring universal issues,tapping diverse values,and establishing effective punishment systems for cooperative norms,can help create norms of greater vitality for smooth global diffusion.