数字法治中的立法消极与司法能动

Legislative Passivism and Judicial Activism in Digital Governance

近年来,数字领域的风险日渐增多,出台新法以积极应对数字化风险,是很多国家立法者的本能选择。欧盟立法推崇积极主义,美国立法则相对克制,而中国立法受欧盟影响巨大,不断跟随欧盟脚步出台《个人信息保护法》《数据安全法》等法律以控制数字化风险。但是,立法者会不自觉地把“安全第一”而非“高效发展”作为价值追求,积极立法最终导向强监管主义,会阻碍数字技术的快速发展。在数字经济早期,我国立法更需要奉行消极主义,为新技术和新产业留下发展空间,这不意味着法律的不作为,而是要求法律从“通过系统立法全面控制风险”转向“通过灵活判例解决实践问题”。本着能动司法的理念,法官可以站在“整体法秩序”的立场上审判新型案件,而无需拘泥于具体条文。法官可以通过创新性判例克服工业时代法律的缺陷,或者在法律空白区适用中央文件解决数据争端,而对于判例冲突问题,最高人民法院应当建立同案异判审查制度。

With the increasing risks in the digital field,enacting new laws to proactively respond to digital risks is the instinctive choice of lawmakers in many countries.EU legislation advocates activism,while US legislation is relatively restrained.China's legislation is greatly influenced by the EU and constantly follows the EU's footsteps in introducing laws such as the Personal Information Protection Law and the Data Security Law to control digital risks.However,lawmakers will unconsciously take"security first"rather than"efficient development"as the value pursuit,and legislative activism will eventually lead to strong regulationism,and the intricate law connection will hinder the rapid development of digital technology.In the early stage of the digital economy,China's legislation needs to pursue passivism,leaving room for the development of new technologies and industries.This does not mean legal inaction,but requires the law to shift from"comprehensively control risks through systematic legislation"to"solving practical problems through flexible precedents".In line with the concept of judicial activism,judges can judge new cases from the standpoint of the wholistic legal order without rigidly adhering to specific provisions.Judges can overcome the defects of laws in industrial era through innovative cases,or apply central documents to solve data disputes in blank areas of law.For the conflict of cases,the Supreme People's Court should establish a review system to ensure cases be judged according to similar criteria.