论作为科学建构逻辑的的《资本论》辩证法

On the Dialectics in Das Kapital as a Logic of Scientific Construction

马克思在《资本论》中所探讨的是一种客观有效的改变资本主义世界的科学逻辑,其研究对象便只能是资本主义商品生产之整体或总体,而与现代经济学各自局限于资本主义商品生产这一总体的某一局部或层面是全然不同的,因而必然要有一种既不同于现代经济学又不同于黑格尔哲学的能够以科学的方式把握有机整体的辩证方法。《资本论》所创造的这一建构科学体系的辩证法,不同于现代经济学,它对于资本主义商品生产这一生命有机体是从整体上加以把握的;不同于黑格尔式的唯心主义思辨体系,它是将这一有机整体从“空间性”向度和“时间性”向度切分为不同层面,将有机体内含的矛盾置于“系统”与“环境”之间,从而既借助于这一矛盾关系推动系统辩证发展,又避免了“系统”内部的矛盾。在此意义上,《资本论》的辩证法或可称之为“系统-环境”辩证法。

In Das Kapital,Marx explores a scientific logic which transforms the capitalist world both objectively and effectively.In this sense,the object of his study cannot be anything but the entirety or totality of capitalist commodity production,which constitutes a stark contrast to merely one specific part or aspect in such a totality where modern economics confines itself.Consequently,there must be a dialectical method of grasping the organic whole scientifically which not only differs from modern economics but also keeps a distance from Hegelian philosophy.On the one hand,the dialectics established in Das Kapital,which constructs a scientific system,distinguishes itself from modern economics by comprehending this living organism of capitalist commodity production as a whole.On the other hand,unlike that Hegelian speculative system of idealism,the aforesaid dialectics in Das Kapital stratifies this organic whole from both spatial and temporal dimensions and pinpoints the inherent contradictions of the organism within the relationship between'"system"and‘environment",hence not only promoting the dialectical progress of the system by virtue of this contradictory relation but avoiding inherent contradictions of the system as well.In this sense,the dialectics in Das Kapital can be called the dialectics of"system-environment".