欧美人工智能监管模式及政策启示

European and American Artificial Intelligence Regulatory Models and Policy Implications

伴随以ChatGPT为代表的生成式人工智能的多场景应用,技术迭代升级背后的潜在异化风险带来全新的监管挑战。本文系统梳理当前主要经济体人工智能监管实践动态,分析典型监管模式路径及其现实困境,尝试在此基础上提出应对举措。研究发现,伴随人工智能技术广泛应用,供应链安全、隐私保护、数字产权、数字伦理、数字鸿沟和算法偏见等深层问题逐渐凸显,给监管带来挑战,各国在人工智能监管的基础概念、价值理念及路径策略选择等多方面也存在诸多分歧,人工智能监管缺乏全球统一、协调一致的监管框架。当前主要经济体在人工智能监管方向上不断寻求创新和规制的平衡点,形成以欧盟和美英为代表的典型监管模式。未来人工智能监管将在“保持人的主体性”前提下,通过“限制”和“促进”双重手段,实现安全与发展之间的最佳平衡。我国应牢牢把握人工智能监管的规律和趋势,进一步统筹发展和安全,坚持问题导向和目标导向相结合,充分运用人工智能领域的新技术,适当借鉴美欧发达国家的经验做法,逐步构建起符合我国实际的人工智能监管模式。

With the multi-scenario application of generative artificial intelligence represented by ChatGPT,the potential risks of technological iteration and upgrade bring new regulatory challenges.This article systematically reviews the current dynamic practices of AI regulation in major economies,analyzes typical regulatory models and their practical dilemmas,and attempts to propose corresponding measures based on this analysis.The research findings reveal that as AI technology is widely applied,underlying issues such as supply chain security,privacy protection,digital intellectual property,digital ethics,digital divide,and algorithm bias are gradually becoming prominent,posing challenges to regulation.Furthermore,there are significant differences among countries in various aspects,including the fundamental concepts,value ideals,and strategic choices regarding AI regulation.Currently,major economies are continuously seeking a balance between innovation and regulation in the field of AI,resulting in typical regulatory models represented by the European Union and the United States and the United Kingdom.In the future,AI regulation will aim to achieve the optimal balance between security and development through both“restrictions”and“promotions”while upholding human agency.It is crucial for China to grasp the patterns and trends of AI regulation,further coordinate development and security,and adhere to a problem-oriented and goal-oriented approach.By fully utilizing new technologies in the field of AI and appropriately drawing upon the experiences and practices of developed countries such as the United States and Europe,China can gradually construct an AI regulatory model that aligns with its own actual situation.