情感与力量——从贺麟与张祥龙的斯宾诺莎解释出发

Emotion and Power:From He Lin and Zhang Xianglong's Interpretation of Spinoza

本文重申了贺麟与张祥龙对斯宾诺莎的“直觉”阐释范式,并基于个别者的力量性本质以及由此而来的情感与力量的关系重新证成了这一范式。基于共相的理性无法真正认识个别者的现实本质,而情感又无法提供永恒视角。本文试图从情感与力量的关系入手解决这一难题,思路呈现为如下几个步骤。(1)从斯宾诺莎的情感界定中提炼出了“力量屈伸”这个关键环节。(2)作为关乎力量屈伸的观念,情感对个别事物的力量性现实本质的恰当观念(直觉)有所贡献。(3)但情感于个别者的观念必然带有时间性。抽掉这层时间性,带来直觉所必须的永恒视角是理性也就是第二种认识的贡献。文章最后提出了两个新观点,一是完全用力量的屈伸澄清了苦、乐、欲这三种所谓的“基本情感”,二是诉诸以刘宗周为代表的气论哲学传统的情感学说推进了斯宾诺莎哲学。

The paper revolves around the exploration of the relationship between the essence and existence of the singular entity in Spinoza's philosophy.It reaffirms the interpretive paradigm of"intuition"by He Lin and Zhang Xianglong regarding Spinoza,and revalidates this paradigm on the basis of the dynamic essence of the singular entity and the consequential relation between affect and power.Commencing with the elucidation of the trans-attributive character of the dynamic essence through the interpretation of the essences of God and the singular entities,this paper contends that it is necessary to start from this trans-attributive dynamic essence in order to address the long-standing issue of the relationship between the essence and existence of a singular thing in Spinoza studies.Reason,grounded in universals,cannot truly recognize the actual essences of the singular,while affect is incapable of providing a species of eternity.This paper seeks to resolve this dilemma by investigating the relationship between affect and power,unfolding in several steps.Firstly,it extracts the pivotal element of the "bending and stretching of power"from Spinoza's definition of affect.Secondly,as an idea related to the bending and stretching power,affect contributes to the adequate idea(intuitions)of the dynamic actual essence of a singular entity.Thirdly,the affect concerning the idea of a singular entity necessarily bears temporality.The contribution of reason,the second kind of knowledge,lies in removing this temporality and introducing a species of eternality essential for intuition.The conclusion introduces two new perspectives.Firstly,it clarifies the three so-called "primary affects"of sadness,joy,and desire through a comprehensive examination of the bending and stretching of power.Secondly,it advances Spinoza's theory by resorting to the doctrine of affects in the philosophical tradition of the theory of qi,represented by Liu Zongzhou.In Liu Zongzhou's framework,happiness,anger,sadness,and joy constitute a cyclical pattern of a unified qi and the bending and stretching of yin and yang.This paper disclosed the indeed existent cyclical relationship of strength and weakness among various emotions,interpreting all emotions as direct perceptions of the distinct proportions of power's bending and stretching.