德国职业足球组织变革研究

Research on Organizational Change of German Professional Football

基于对4位德国学者和1位德乙俱乐部高层的访谈,从改革诱因、改革成功的关键因素、改革后的新组织范式等维度,对德国职业足球组织变革历程展开整全刻画和多维阐释。旧组织范式下,德国足协把握联赛控制权,作为受益人的会员俱乐部无法在较低委托代理成本下实现收益权保障。伴随德国公法、私营双轨制电视制度的建立以及电视转播权收益的节节攀升,36家德甲、德乙俱乐部对经济独立性和组织自主性提出了更高要求。改革成功的关键因素包括“制度同形”的动力与趋势、会员俱乐部“用脚投票”危机、主流媒体引导下的民众期待以及改革后利益分配方案的制定。实现联赛控制权配置改进的新组织范式,在提升组织效率的同时,也带来“究竟谁代表德国足球”的担忧。对我国的启示:有效落实《中国足球改革发展总体方案》的总体要求,促进我国足球治理体系和治理能力现代化;协商制定改革后利益分配方案,以显著改善利益相关者对组织变革的态度和参与程度;重视俱乐部与球迷间的双向互动,强化俱乐部行业内的营利属性。

Drawing on the semi-structured interviews with four German scholars and one senior executive of 2.Bundesliga club,the course of organizational change of German professional football was portrayed in a comprehensive and multidimensional manner from motivations to reform,contributory factors for reform success and new organizational paradigm after reform.Behind the old paradigm in which the German Football Association firmly occupied the controlling right of leagues,professional football clubs as beneficiaries were unable to materialize security of income rights at low principal-agent costs.Along with the establishment of German Public Law and dual-track German television system and the escalating revenues from the sales of broadcasting right,36 professional football clubs from Bundesliga and 2.Bundesliga demanded greater economic independence and organizational autonomy.The contributory factors for reform success were as follows:the motivation and tendency of“institutional isomorphism”,the crisis of“foot voting”in clubs,social expectations induced by mainstream social media,and the formulation of post-reform benefit-sharing program.The new organizational paradigm,which led to an improved allocation of the controlling right of leagues,increased organizational efficiency while at the same time raising concerns regarding“who actually represents German football”.The following inspirations for China could be included:The overall requirements of the overall reform plan to boost the development of soccer in China should be effectively implemented to promote the modernization of China’s football governance system and governance capacity;a post-reform benefit-sharing formula should be negotiated to improve stakeholder attitudes and participation toward organization change;the two-way interaction between clubs and fans should be valued,and clubs’intra-industry profit attribute should be reinforced.