抗战胜利后华北国统区的粮食问题与城市危局——以天津为中心

Food Supply and Urban Crisis in the Kuomintang-Controlled Areas after the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression:A Case Study on Tianjin

抗战胜利后,天津等华北国统区城市的粮食问题凸显出的城市危局,与内战环境和国民政府粮食政策密切相关。在战争环境下,天津等城市相继丧失经济腹地及周边地区、东北、江南的大部分粮源,造成外部供给不足。天津市政府沟通粮源的过程,体现了战后华北国统区的粮政管理主体渔散,即市内粮政归属社会局管理,但又要受粮食部及其派出的粮政特派员办公处、田粮处以及地方军事部门的管制。与此同时,城市内部因通货膨胀造成市场调控机制失灵,粮食流通颇受阻滞,因此升斗小民基本难以从正常渠道获取日食之需,生活困顿,人心浮动,学潮、工潮迭起,造成民心危局。天津粮食问题与城市危局的形成也与国民政府的“偏枯”行为息息相关。在此情势下,天津等华北城市实际成为国民政府政策上的“遗孤”,游离于以宁沪地区为中心的战后重建体系之边缘。

After China's victory in the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression,Kuomintang-controlled areas such as Tianjin faced severe food supply shortages,highlighting the deep-rooted crises these cities were experiencing.The impending Chinese civil war and established policies of the Nationalist Government played a significant role in exacerbating these urban crises.The looming civil war deprived cities like Tianjin of their usual food supplies from neighboring inland provinces,the northeast region,and the area south of the Yangtze River.The Nationalist Government's policy of prioritizing food supplies for military purposes disrupted the stable food supply system for civilians,hindering Tianjin's efforts to diversify food sources and rebuild the food market.Additionally,the government's quota re-export policy,which favored the south over the north,resulted in a surplus of grain in the south,further worsening the food crisis in Tianjin.Following the end of the Resistance War,the disorganization of the food administration in Tianjin,coupled with the National Government's"partial depletion"policy,plunged the region into a severe food crisis.The ramifications of this crisis extended beyond food supply,impacting the morale of the people and ultimately leading to the KMT's surrender of Tianjin to the communists without resistance.Moreover,the Nationalist Government's post-war reconstruction plan prioritized the Nanjing-Shanghai area over northern Chinese cities like Tianjin,relegating the latter to a secondary role in the reconstruction efforts.