地缘政治学诞生的时代背景与创建的学理基础

The historical context and theoretical foundations for the emergence of geopolitics

地缘政治学的新进发展变得异常活跃,发展出一系列新的学科分支领域。但是由于其发展路径的问题,使其研究结果的科学性受到质疑,大大影响了学科的社会影响力。鉴于此,本文结合地缘政治学的百年发展,特别是不同古典和现代地缘政治理论的构建,归纳出地缘政治学诞生的三大时代背景,即地理探险和海外殖民掠夺的终结、资本主义危机与空间修复竞争和相互依赖与资本主义世界经济体系的形成。同时,结合地缘政治学的最新进展,探讨了地缘政治学科创建的三大学理基础,即地理空间分异与地理的社会建构、权力的领土逻辑与资本逻辑和地理复杂性与地理想象。因此,地缘政治中的地理是一个包含多层含义和不同理解的概念,不仅仅只是希腊语中的“地球”。地理的内涵和外延的扩展有力地推动了地缘政治学学科的发展,但是也为地缘政治的预测功能和政策导向带来了困境。在地理复杂性和地理与政治相互建构之下,未来地缘政治首要任务就是在资本主义世界经济体系下通过跨尺度耦合、跨领域互动和多元地缘体博弈理解地理的作用。

The development of geopolitics has recently become increasingly active,leading to the emergence of a series of new disciplinary branches.However,due to issues with its development path,the scientific validity of its research results has been questioned,greatly affecting the discipline's social influence.This paper combines the hundred-year development of geopolitics,particularly the construction of different classical and modern geopolitical theories,to summarize the three major historical backgrounds of geopolitics:the end of geographical exploration and overseas colonial plunder,the competition for space fix and mutual dependence in capitalist crises,and the formation of the capitalist world economic system.At the same time,this paper discusses the three major theoretical foundations for the creation of the geopolitical discipline,which are geographical space differentiation and the social construction of geography,the territorial logic of power and the logic of capital,and geographical complexity and geographical imagination.Thus,geography in geopolitics is a concept containing multiple layers of meaning and different interpretations,not just limited to the Greek term"earth".Although the expansion of the connotation and extension of geography has strongly promoted the development of the geopolitical discipline,it has brought difficulties to the predictive function and policy orientation of geopolitics.Under the complexity of geography and the mutual construction of geography and politics,the primary task of future geopolitics is to understand the role of geography through cross-scale coupling,crossdisciplinary interaction,and multi-dimensional geopolitical games within the framework of the capitalist world economic system.