嘎琼石碑考古调查与“skar cung”一词流变考

Archaeological Investigation of skar-cung Stele and Philology Criticism of the Change of the Word"skar-cung"

嘎琼石碑作为吐蕃时期13通石碑之一,记载了历代赞普崇佛建寺的功绩与赤德松赞时期扶持和保护佛教的政策内容,属于兴佛证盟石碑。基于嘎琼石碑的考古调查历程与文献记载、学术史回顾,补充两点内容:第一,1993年考古调查报告中未被公布的重要出土信息,如琉璃瓦、棋格状图案的青砖以及刻有藏文“廓莫然拉”(go rmo ram la)字样的砖块,可知嘎琼拉康寺庙建筑不仅大量使用汉地青砖、烧砖、琉璃瓦等,还出现在砖块上刻字凿图的现象。第二,对碑文中的寺名“skar cung”与文字厘定后的“skar chung”,以及错讹写法“dkar chung”在不同史料中的记载流变和当代学术文章中的应用进行系统考察,得出其流变路径:原始碑文记载为“skar cung”;12世纪后受文字厘定影响,写为“skar chung”;13世纪时,部分史书开始错讹记载为“dkar chung”;此后以讹传讹,被16—17世纪的史家沿用。

The skar-cung Stone stele,one of the 13 stone steles from the Tubo period,records the achievements of successive rulers in building temples and the policies of supporting and protecting Buddhism during the reign of King Tride Songtsan(776-815),belonging to the category of stone steles for promoting Buddhism and alliance.The inscription is a combination of material artifacts and historical philology text.Therefore,based on the archaeological survey,historical records and academic review of the skar-cung Stone stele,this paper adds two points:First,there were unpublished important excavation information in the 1993 archaeological survey report.According to the bulletin of 1993,glazed tiles and gray bricks with chessboard-like patterns were unearthed,along with bricks engraved with the Tibetan script"go rmo ram la".It is evident that the construction of the skar-cung Lakhang Temple not only extensively utilized gray bricks,fired bricks and glazed tiles originating from the Han region but also featured the phenomenon of inscriptions and carvings on bricks.Second,through a systematic examination of the changes in the recording and application of the temple name"skar cung"and the corrected writing"skar chung",as well as the erroneous writing"dkar chung"in different historical materials and contemporary academic articles,this paper thereby provides an understanding of its changing process:it was initially recorded as"skar cung"in the original inscriptions;influenced by standardization of script after the 12th century,it was written as"skar chung";in the 13th century,some historical texts began to mistakenly record it as"dkar chung";later,this error was perpetuated by historians of the 16th and 17th centuries.