从历时角度看限定副词“只”的义项分合关系

A Diachronic Investigation into the Relation Between Diferent Meanings of the Restrictive Adverb Zhi(只)

本文以限定副词“只”的来源及演变过程为研究对象,通过对汉语史上“只”及相关形式“止”“祇”的历时考察,指出副词“只”的“完全排除”义与“向上排除”义具有不同来源。完全排除义来自对副词“祇”的继承,向上排除义则来自副词“止”意义的并人。唐代之后,“只”已经兼具了两类功能,成为使用最广泛的限定副词,但在否定形式中副词“只”“止”仍未完全混同。“只”的形成与发展受语法化中的语义滞留、形式择一等原则制约,既符合虚词语义演变的一般规律,又具有独特之处。

This paper focuses on the origin and historical development of the restrictive adverb Zhi(只).By examining the historical evolvement of Zhi(只)and related adverbs Zhir'(止)and Zhi(衹),this paper points out that Zhi(只)bears two meanings of"complete exclusion"and"upward exclusion"at the same time,and these two meanings are of different origins.The former one came from the inberitance of the adverb Zhi(衹),while the latter one came fom the meaning incorporation of the adverb Zhi(止).This paper shows that after the Tang Dynasty,Zhi(只)has acquired these two meanings and become the most widely used restrictive adverb,but the contrast between Zhi(止)and Zhi(衹)remained in negative forms.The formation and development of Zhi(只)is retricted by the principles of semantic retention and form selection of grammaticalization,which showed unique features while conforming to the general law of semantic change within functional words.