物质性存在、微观机制与再生产功能——阿尔都塞对马克思主义意识形态理论变革的三重维度

Physical Existence,Micro-Mechanisms and Reproduction:Althusser’s Triple-dimensional Reform on Marxist Ideology Theory

阿尔都塞在继承“经济基础-上层建筑”多元决定论的基础上提出了崭新的意识形态理论。相比较于经典马克思主义,阿尔都塞的意识形态理论实现了三重变革:一是借用斯宾诺莎的想象知识与身心理论,将意识形态从观念性存在变革为物质性存在,即意识形态存在本身以及存在方式的物质性;二是首先将意识形态集中于国家上层建筑,继而深入至意识形态的微观机制,将意识形态国家机器视为无处不在的社会存在物,通过意识形态对主体的唤问功能补充宏观层面的国家上层建筑理论;三是批判意识形态的抽象反作用,在多元决定论的基础上指出意识形态在具体层面再生产出具有合格性与屈从性的二重性主体,继而通过二重性主体再生产出国家上层建筑与经济基础,最终再生产出社会整体。

Althusser proposed a new theory of ideology while inheriting the overdetermination approach on‘economic base—superstructure’.Compared to classical Marxist ideology theory,Althusser's theory of ideology unveils a threefold transformation.Firstly,drawing from Spinoza's theories of imagination and mind-body union,positing that ideologies aren’t merely conceptual existences but have a physical existence—this is evidenced in both the existence itself of ideologies and the materiality modes of existence.Secondly,by centralizing ideology in the state superstructure,employing the pervasive social existence of the ideological state apparatus as well as the subject’s function of interpellation,he offers a micro-level complement to the macroscopic realm of ideology.And lastly,criticizing the abstract reactive nature of ideology,based on overdetermination,stating that ideologies could reproduce the dualistic subject with qualification and subjection,then reproduce state superstructure,and the economic base on the level of specificity by the dualistic subject,and finally reproduce the lasting existence of the social whole.