12至14周岁未成年人刑事责任范围的现存问题与完善路径

On the Scope of Criminal Liability of Minors Aged between 12 and 14

《中华人民共和国刑法修正案(十一)》从犯罪类型、行为结果、犯罪情节和程序要求四个方面规定了12至14周岁涉罪未成年人负刑事责任的范围,但存在犯罪类型范围过窄、行为结果具体认定存疑、情节评判标准不清、程序要求与其他条件关系不明的问题。应以行为客观性质和行为人责任能力为基本标准,以平衡刑法机能和实现刑罚目的为根本遵循,在未成年人刑事政策的指导下检视和完善该刑事责任范围,增加强奸罪和抢劫罪,通过司法解释明确“情节恶劣”的界限和犯罪形态的认定,厘清检察院与法院的关系和各自职责。

Amendment XI to the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China defines the scope of criminal responsibility for minors aged 12 to 14 from four aspects:crime types,behavior results,crime circumstances and procedural requirements.However,there are some outstanding issues.To be specific,the scope of the type of crime is narrow,the specific determination of the consequence of the behavior is not solid enough,the criteria for judging the circumstances remain unclear,and the relationship between the procedural requirement and other conditions is to be specified.In this regard,the objective nature of the behavior and the offender’s capacity for responsibility shall be viewed as basic criteria,and the balance between the functions of the Criminal Law and the purpose of criminal penalty shall be achieved as fundamentals.The existing scope of criminal liability shall be reviewed and improved under the guidance of the criminal policies for minors.It is considered that provisions concerning rape and robbery may be supplemented in the existing law,and that the boundary of“flagrant circumstances”and the identification of attempted offender,negligent offender and accomplice shall be specified through judicial interpretations.Meanwhile,the relationship and responsibility of the procuratorate and the court shall be made clear.